*2018/04/12 16:17:16.67 *IOS HEADER VERSION 2.0 2016/04/28 2016/06/13 IVF16 *FILE START TIME : UTC 2017/10/01 00:50:50.000 TIME INCREMENT : 0 0 0 0.125 0 ! (day hr min sec ms) NUMBER OF RECORDS : 104 DATA DESCRIPTION : CTD FILE TYPE : ASCII CRC : A976A706 NUMBER OF CHANNELS : 9 $TABLE: CHANNELS ! No Name Units Minimum Maximum !--- -------------------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- 1 Pressure decibar 5.957 108.81 2 Depth metres 5.906 107.858 3 Temperature:Primary 'deg C (ITS90)' 7.0423 13.2127 4 Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs mg/m^3 0.4E-02 1.848 5 pH:SBE:Nominal n/a 8.43 8.983 6 Salinity:T0:C0 PSS-78 29.0662 33.5643 7 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 2.054 6.577 8 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE umol/kg 89.34815 287.2482 9 Number_of_bin_records n/a 6 23 $END $TABLE: CHANNEL DETAIL ! No Pad Start Width Format Type Decimal_Places !--- ---- ----- ----- ------ ---- -------------- 1 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 2 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 3 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 4 -99 ' ' 8 F ' ' 3 5 -99 ' ' 8 F ' ' 3 6 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 7 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 2 8 -99 ' ' 6 F ' ' 1 9 ' ' ' ' 5 I I 0 $END $REMARKS This file converted from Sea-Bird file: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2017-78\Processing\derive\2017-78-0027.cnv $END *ADMINISTRATION MISSION : 2017-78 AGENCY : PBS, Ecosystem Sciences Division, Nanaimo, B.C. COUNTRY : Canada PROJECT : Coastal Ocean Salmon SCIENTIST : King J. PLATFORM : Sea Crest *LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC AREA : Queen Charlotte Strait STATION : QCSD16 EVENT NUMBER : 27 LATITUDE : 51 35.36300 N ! (deg min) LONGITUDE : 128 13.63600 W ! (deg min) WATER DEPTH : 118 *INSTRUMENT TYPE : Sea-Bird CTD MODEL : SBE25plus SERIAL NUMBER : 404 $TABLE: SENSORS ! Name Abs Depth Serial No ! --------------------------------- -------------- ---------- Temperature ' ' 2449 Conductivity ' ' 1764 'Pressure:Strain Gauge' ' ' 0464 pH ' ' 0852 'Oxygen:SBE 43' ' ' 1176 'Fluorometer:WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL' ' ' FLRTD-4185 $END $REMARKS Software Version 1.59 $END *HISTORY $TABLE: PROGRAMS ! Name Vers Date Time Recs In Recs Out ! -------- ------ ---------- -------- --------- --------- SBE_IOS 4.2.2 2018/04/11 10:39:06 3615 3615 CLEAN 5.2.2 2018/04/11 10:40:05 3615 3615 MERGEHDR 1.3 2018/04/11 11:19:23 3615 3615 ADTIMCH 4.4 2018/04/11 11:48:24 3615 3615 CLIP 1.3 2018/04/11 11:59:13 3615 3136 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2018/04/11 12:59:20 3136 3136 DELETE 6.3 2018/04/11 13:01:08 3136 944 CTDEDIT 5.2.3 2018/04/11 13:27:14 944 934 FILTERS 4.3 2018/04/12 14:10:04 934 934 CALIB 11.9 2018/04/12 14:40:27 934 934 BINAVE 4.2 2018/04/12 14:40:47 934 104 REMOVECH 8.2 2018/04/12 14:44:11 104 104 CHGUNITS 3.1.1 2018/04/12 14:44:15 104 104 REORDER 1.3.1 2018/04/12 14:44:26 ? ? HDREDIT2 3.1.1 2018/04/12 16:17:16 ? ? $END $REMARKS -CLEAN functions: 2018/04/11 10:40:04 20 Reset #RECS, MIN & MAX values in header. Interpolation by Record Number, in Pressure:StrainGauge Set event to last 4 characters of file name -The following ADTIMCH parameters were used. Add 7.00 hours to times in header file section -The following CLIP parameters were used. Clip by Record Number Limits First Record,Last Record = 480, 50000 Time Not Available in File -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: pH:SBE [pH Units] # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= 10.00 -The following DELETE parameters were used: Surface Record Removal: Last Press Min Maximum Surface Pressure (relative): 10.00 Surface Swell Pressure Tolerance: 1.00 Pressure NOT filtered. Swells deleted. Warning message if pressure difference of 2.00 Drop rates < 0.30m/s (calculated over 9 points) will be deleted. Drop rate applies in the range 10.00 to 99.13 dbars Sample interval (from FILE section of header) = 0.125 seconds. -CTDEDIT v5.2.3 2018/04/11 13:27:14 10 records were deleted in this editing session. No data values were changed. -The following FILTER parameters were used. Median filter was used. Filter width = 5 The following channel(s) were filtered. Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs:ECO-AFL -CALIB parameters: 2018/04/12 14:40:27 Calibration type = Correct Mode: ONLY - calibration specs from Cal File only. Calibration file = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2017-78\Processing\doc\2017-78-recal1.CCF Calibration limited to records where Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs:ECO-AFL between: -5 and 0 9 records, in 6 blocks, were within the limits. 925 records were outside the limits. Calibrations applied: Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 6 Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs:ECO- mg/m^3 10 0.0000000E+00 0.0000000E+00 -The following BINAVE parameters were used: Bin channel = Press* Averaging interval = 1.00 Minimum bin value = 0.000 Average value was used Interpolated values were NOT used for empty bins Channel 'NUMBER_OF_BIN_RECORDS' was added to file. -REMOVECH 2018/04/12 14:44:11 The following CHANNEL(S) were removed: Scan_Number Conductivity:Primary [S/m] Oxygen:Voltage:SBE [volts] Descent_Rate [m/s] Flag -CHANGE units: Temperature reference channel: Temperature:Primary Salinity reference channel: Salinity:T0:C0 'Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [mL/L]' changed from mL/L to umol/kg -HEADER EDITS: 2018/04/12 16:17:16 Applied edit header: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2017-78\Processing\doc\2017-78-HDR.TXT Channel 1: Pressure [decibar] Name: Pressure:StrainGauge ==> Pressure Channel 2: Depth [metres] Name: Depth:Salt_Water ==> Depth Channel 4: Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs [mg/m^3] Name: Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs:ECO-AFL ==> Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs Channel 7: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [mL/L] Format: F8.3 ==> F7.2 Channel 5: pH:SBE:Nominal [n/a] Name: pH:SBE ==> pH:SBE:Nominal Units: pH Units ==> n/a $END *COMMENTS SBE HEADER Sea-Bird SBE25 Data File: FileName = C:\Users\WaterProperties-16\Desktop\2017-78\2017-78QCSD01005.hex Software Version 1.59 Temperature SN = 2449 Conductivity SN = 1764 System UpLoad Time = Sep 30 2017 21:24:01 QCSD 16 ds SBE 25 CTD V 4.1c SN 0404 09/30/17 20:23:21.615 external pressure sensor, range = 10153 psia, tcval = 37 xtal = 9437232 clk = 32767.949 vmain = 12.0 iop = 208 vlith = 5.1 ncasts = 6 samples = 20755 free = 624218 lwait = 0 msec CTD configuration: number of scans averaged = 1, data stored at 8 scans per second real time data transmitted at 8 scans per second minimum conductivity frequency for pump turn on = 3100 pump delay = 45 seconds battery type = ALKALINE 3 external voltages sampled stored voltage # 0 = external voltage 0 stored voltage # 1 = external voltage 4 stored voltage # 2 = external voltage 5 S> dh cast 5 09/30 17:50:50 smpls 17140 to 20754 nv = 3 avg = 1 stp = switch of S> # nquan = 12 # nvalues = 3615 # units = specified # name 0 = scan: Scan Count # name 1 = prSM: Pressure, Strain Gauge [db] # name 2 = depSM: Depth [salt water, m], lat = 49.00 # name 3 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C] # name 4 = c0S/m: Conductivity [S/m] # name 5 = flECO-AFL: Fluorescence, WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL [mg/m^3] # name 6 = sbeox0V: Oxygen raw, SBE 43 [V] # name 7 = ph: pH # name 8 = dz/dtM: Descent Rate [m/s] # name 9 = sal00: Salinity, Practical [PSU] # name 10 = sbeox0ML/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 [ml/l], WS = 2 # name 11 = flag: flag # span 0 = 1, 3615 # span 1 = 0.349, 109.127 # span 2 = 0.346, 108.173 # span 3 = 7.0332, 13.2427 # span 4 = 0.035706, 3.727596 # span 5 = -0.3120, 64.3547 # span 6 = 0.0000, 2.2918 # span 7 = 7.913, 8.988 # span 8 = -2.439, 1.454 # span 9 = 0.2273, 33.5730 # span 10 = -2.3381, 19.2514 # span 11 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00 # interval = seconds: 0.125 # start_time = Sep 30 2017 17:50:50 [Instrument's time stamp, header] # bad_flag = -9.990e-29 # # # # # 2449 # 16-Dec-15 # 1 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.000 # 4.35536976e-003 # 6.43861843e-004 # 2.35988525e-005 # 2.27425418e-006 # 1000.000 # 1.00000000 # 0.0000 # # # # # # 1764 # 23-Feb-17 # 1 # # 0.0000 # 2000.0000 # 0 # # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.0 # -9.57000000e-008 # # # -4.15782044e+000 # 4.88269411e-001 # -7.82043110e-004 # 6.18774318e-005 # -9.57000000e-008 # 3.2500e-006 # # 0.00000000e+000 # # 1.00000000 # 0.00000 # # # # # # 0464 # 28-Feb-17 # 7.973872e+002 # -2.072374e-001 # 2.547327e-007 # 0.00000 # # # # # # 0852 # 08-Mar-17 # 4.5991 # 2.5690 # # # # # # 1176 # 02-Mar-17 # 1 # # # 0.0000 # 0.0000e+000 # 0.0000 # 0.00e+000 # 0.0000 # 0.0 # # # # 6.1597e-001 # -0.5257 # -4.5701e-003 # 2.1508e-004 # -3.4602e-006 # 2.5826e+000 # 1.92634e-004 # -4.64803e-002 # 3.6000e-002 # 1.6700 #

-3.3000e-002

#

5.0000e+003

#

1.4500e+003

# # # # # # # FLRTD-4185 # 07-Mar-2017 # 1.30000000e+001 # # 0.0240 # # # # datcnv_date = Apr 10 2018 16:40:27, 7.23.2 [datcnv_vars = 9] # datcnv_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2017-78\Processing\rename\2017-78-0027.h ex P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2017-78\Processing\doc\2017-78-ctd.xmlcon # datcnv_skipover = 0 # datcnv_ox_hysteresis_correction = no # wfilter_date = Apr 10 2018 16:42:10, 7.23.2 # wfilter_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2017-78\Processing\convert\2017-78-0027 .cnv # wfilter_excl_bad_scans = yes # wfilter_action prSM = cosine, 5 # wfilter_action depSM = cosine, 5 # wfilter_action t090C = cosine, 5 # wfilter_action c0S/m = cosine, 5 # alignctd_date = Apr 10 2018 16:42:53, 7.23.2 # alignctd_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2017-78\Processing\wfilter\2017-78-002 7.cnv # alignctd_adv = sbeox0V 2.500 # celltm_date = Apr 10 2018 16:43:29, 7.23.2 # celltm_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2017-78\Processing\align\2017-78-0027.cn v # celltm_alpha = 0.0400, 0.0000 # celltm_tau = 8.0000, 0.0000 # celltm_temp_sensor_use_for_cond = primary, # Derive_date = Apr 10 2018 16:44:04, 7.23.2 [derive_vars = 2] # Derive_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2017-78\Processing\celltm\2017-78-0027.c nv P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2017-42\Processing\doc\2017-42-ctd.xmlcon # derive_time_window_docdt = seconds: 2 # derive_ox_tau_correction = yes # file_type = ascii END* Remarks from CTDEDIT: CTDEDIT was used to remove a few records near the top of the cast. Data Processing Notes: ---------------------- The length of the surface soaks were shorter than recommended with many being less than 75 seconds. This does not allow enough time for equilibration of pumped channels. The soaks were generally at about 5-6m with no return to the surface before the full cast was run. Fluorescence, Dissolved Oxygen and pH:SBE data are nominal and unedited, except that some records were removed in editing temperature and salinity. Channel Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs had some very small negative values in deep water which were set to 0 using program Calibrate. There was no deep salinity bottle sampling during this cruise or previous cruises using this equipment in 2017. An inter-ship comparison of 2 casts from a June 2017 cruise using these sensors with a cast from a cruise that did include calibration sampling, suggested that the salinity values from this CTD were reasonably accurate. There was near-surface salinity sampling during this cruise but the results of a comparison with the CTD data are considered unreliable. An initial examination of an early 2018 cruise with the same equipment and deep sampling suggests that the CTD salinity values are quite accurate. There was no dissolved oxygen sampling during this cruise or previous cruises using this equipment in 2017. An inter-ship comparison of 2 casts from a June 2017 cruise using these sensors with a cast from a cruise that did include calibration sampling, suggested that dissolved oxygen values were likely low by up to 4%. That error is likely to have increased with time. WARNING: The pH:SBE:Nominal data should be used with caution; no field calibration data were available at the time of processing. Calibration is required for each cast to get absolute values, although general trends within a cast are likely real. For details on the processing see processing report: 2017-78-Processing_Report.doc. *CALIBRATION $TABLE: CORRECTED CHANNELS !Name Units Fmla Pad Coefficients !---------------------------------- -------- ---- ------ ------------ Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs:ECO-AFL mg/m^3 10 -99 () (0 0) $END !--1--- --2--- ---3---- ---4--- ---5--- ---6---- --7--- --8-- -9-- !Pressu Depth Temperat Fluores pH:SBE: Salinity Oxygen Oxyge Numb !re ure: cence: Nominal :T0:C0 : n: er_o ! Primary URU: Dissol Disso ~bin ! Wetlabs ved: lved: _rec ! SBE SBE ords !------ ------ -------- ------- ------- -------- ------ ----- ---- *END OF HEADER 6.0 5.9 12.7949 1.028 8.961 29.0662 6.45 281.9 17 7.1 7.0 12.7933 0.980 8.961 29.0720 6.45 281.7 8 8.0 7.9 12.7858 1.019 8.961 29.0723 6.46 282.1 13 9.1 9.0 12.7257 0.997 8.959 29.0754 6.47 282.5 23 9.9 9.9 12.6201 1.027 8.969 29.0891 6.48 283.2 15 10.9 10.8 12.5051 1.200 8.983 29.1363 6.56 286.4 7 12.0 11.9 12.4578 1.822 8.975 29.2221 6.57 286.8 9 12.9 12.8 12.4573 1.848 8.959 29.4096 6.58 287.2 15 14.1 14.0 13.1495 1.189 8.920 30.8865 5.98 260.7 9 15.0 14.8 13.2127 0.722 8.931 31.1448 5.86 255.5 9 16.0 15.9 13.1117 0.686 8.923 31.3547 5.58 243.2 8 17.0 16.9 12.8088 0.760 8.893 31.4009 5.13 223.8 9 18.0 17.9 11.7661 0.695 8.801 31.3147 4.81 209.6 15 19.0 18.8 11.4381 0.446 8.785 31.3239 4.76 207.7 8 20.0 19.8 11.6306 0.390 8.781 31.4721 4.68 204.0 8 21.0 20.8 11.4641 0.471 8.761 31.4694 4.57 199.2 9 22.0 21.8 11.1559 0.402 8.743 31.4544 4.45 194.1 7 23.0 22.8 11.1164 0.391 8.731 31.6666 4.39 191.2 7 24.1 23.8 10.9538 0.337 8.727 31.7538 4.35 189.8 15 24.9 24.7 10.9486 0.307 8.724 31.8179 4.28 186.6 10 26.0 25.8 10.7863 0.310 8.714 31.8493 4.25 185.3 6 27.0 26.8 10.6617 0.207 8.698 31.8531 4.24 184.7 6 28.0 27.8 10.4425 0.183 8.691 31.8446 4.23 184.2 6 29.0 28.8 10.3726 0.175 8.682 31.8556 4.19 182.8 9 30.0 29.7 10.2167 0.204 8.667 31.8542 4.16 181.1 8 31.0 30.7 10.0404 0.162 8.655 31.8662 4.14 180.5 9 32.0 31.8 10.0068 0.182 8.652 31.8892 4.14 180.4 10 33.0 32.7 9.9917 0.207 8.652 31.9157 4.15 180.7 12 34.0 33.7 10.0180 0.237 8.656 31.9663 4.13 179.8 10 35.0 34.7 10.0577 0.244 8.658 32.0116 4.08 178.0 7 36.0 35.7 10.0422 0.193 8.656 32.0421 4.05 176.5 6 37.0 36.7 9.9898 0.220 8.652 32.0503 4.02 175.1 6 38.0 37.7 9.9357 0.212 8.647 32.0582 4.00 174.4 7 39.0 38.7 9.8698 0.242 8.644 32.0670 3.99 173.9 8 40.0 39.6 9.8166 0.231 8.640 32.0849 3.98 173.3 9 41.0 40.6 9.7977 0.241 8.640 32.0964 3.96 172.7 7 42.0 41.7 9.8016 0.229 8.641 32.1109 3.95 172.0 13 42.9 42.6 9.7753 0.219 8.637 32.1230 3.93 171.2 11 44.0 43.6 9.7666 0.217 8.640 32.1426 3.90 170.0 7 45.0 44.6 9.7778 0.183 8.640 32.1586 3.87 168.4 6 46.0 45.6 9.7587 0.182 8.635 32.1768 3.83 166.9 7 47.0 46.6 9.6475 0.193 8.632 32.1994 3.80 165.7 6 48.1 47.6 9.6036 0.204 8.628 32.2207 3.78 164.7 6 49.0 48.6 9.5699 0.174 8.628 32.2431 3.77 164.3 8 50.0 49.6 9.5750 0.184 8.628 32.2594 3.75 163.5 12 50.9 50.5 9.5560 0.187 8.626 32.2692 3.73 162.7 11 51.9 51.5 9.5183 0.175 8.626 32.2837 3.72 162.1 7 53.0 52.6 9.4882 0.164 8.628 32.2902 3.71 161.7 7 54.0 53.5 9.4766 0.130 8.624 32.2991 3.71 161.6 6 55.0 54.5 9.4556 0.139 8.623 32.3080 3.69 160.8 7 56.1 55.6 9.4118 0.162 8.622 32.3307 3.67 160.0 13 56.9 56.4 9.3843 0.172 8.621 32.3428 3.65 159.1 10 57.9 57.4 9.3512 0.134 8.617 32.3585 3.62 157.5 8 59.0 58.5 9.3296 0.139 8.617 32.3727 3.58 156.1 7 60.0 59.5 9.2691 0.161 8.615 32.3825 3.56 155.1 6 61.0 60.4 9.1856 0.148 8.608 32.4231 3.54 154.0 7 62.0 61.4 9.1100 0.134 8.605 32.4558 3.51 152.9 7 63.0 62.4 9.0611 0.153 8.603 32.4693 3.49 151.9 7 64.1 63.5 9.0094 0.137 8.599 32.4851 3.47 151.1 7 65.0 64.5 8.9574 0.128 8.595 32.5109 3.45 150.1 12 66.0 65.4 8.9107 0.129 8.590 32.5352 3.40 148.2 16 66.9 66.4 8.8776 0.089 8.590 32.5495 3.36 146.3 8 68.0 67.4 8.8070 0.101 8.586 32.5674 3.35 145.8 6 69.0 68.4 8.7835 0.101 8.586 32.5770 3.33 145.0 6 70.0 69.4 8.7465 0.104 8.580 32.5902 3.32 144.6 6 71.0 70.4 8.6495 0.080 8.576 32.6302 3.30 143.7 6 72.0 71.4 8.5614 0.042 8.573 32.6744 3.27 142.5 7 73.0 72.4 8.5168 0.076 8.571 32.6945 3.25 141.5 13 74.0 73.4 8.4983 0.071 8.568 32.7058 3.23 140.4 10 75.0 74.4 8.4736 0.062 8.569 32.7118 3.23 140.6 11 76.0 75.3 8.4361 0.087 8.569 32.7076 3.21 140.0 9 77.0 76.3 8.4003 0.090 8.569 32.7118 3.20 139.3 7 78.1 77.4 8.3135 0.077 8.567 32.7195 3.19 138.7 6 79.0 78.4 8.2058 0.080 8.562 32.7537 3.17 137.8 6 80.0 79.3 8.1081 0.096 8.559 32.7905 3.15 137.1 6 81.0 80.3 8.0721 0.047 8.558 32.8050 3.14 136.7 6 82.0 81.3 8.0402 0.058 8.556 32.8316 3.14 136.6 6 83.0 82.3 8.0129 0.101 8.556 32.8570 3.13 136.2 9 84.0 83.2 8.0022 0.081 8.554 32.8653 3.12 135.7 13 85.0 84.3 7.9899 0.072 8.552 32.8744 3.11 135.2 11 86.1 85.3 7.9821 0.083 8.549 32.8851 3.06 133.0 9 87.0 86.2 7.9608 0.071 8.540 32.9105 2.98 129.8 7 88.0 87.3 7.8774 0.045 8.535 32.9636 2.94 128.1 6 89.1 88.3 7.7897 0.106 8.534 33.0078 2.93 127.7 6 90.0 89.2 7.7316 0.050 8.534 33.0340 2.92 127.1 6 91.1 90.3 7.6755 0.024 8.529 33.0663 2.89 125.9 7 92.0 91.2 7.6199 0.039 8.524 33.1070 2.86 124.3 7 93.0 92.2 7.5804 0.042 8.518 33.1312 2.80 122.0 12 94.0 93.2 7.5142 0.039 8.510 33.1767 2.75 119.4 9 95.0 94.1 7.4938 0.035 8.505 33.2060 2.71 117.8 10 95.9 95.1 7.4871 0.028 8.502 33.2156 2.68 116.7 9 96.9 96.1 7.4864 0.039 8.498 33.2186 2.63 114.5 7 98.0 97.1 7.4514 0.039 8.486 33.2495 2.55 111.0 7 99.1 98.2 7.3562 0.037 8.475 33.3265 2.47 107.6 6 100.0 99.2 7.2836 0.004 8.471 33.3801 2.41 105.0 6 101.0 100.2 7.2482 0.028 8.466 33.4021 2.37 103.1 9 102.0 101.1 7.1954 0.033 8.460 33.4361 2.32 100.8 15 102.9 102.0 7.1597 0.037 8.453 33.4591 2.26 98.3 10 104.0 103.1 7.1270 0.047 8.448 33.4879 2.22 96.7 8 105.0 104.1 7.1083 0.022 8.447 33.5040 2.21 96.1 11 106.0 105.1 7.1022 0.034 8.447 33.5092 2.19 95.2 10 107.0 106.1 7.0811 0.035 8.443 33.5287 2.16 93.9 10 108.1 107.1 7.0517 0.026 8.435 33.5536 2.11 91.7 15 108.8 107.9 7.0423 0.045 8.430 33.5643 2.05 89.3 19