*2017/01/26 09:00:25.80 *IOS HEADER VERSION 2.0 2016/04/28 2016/06/13 IVF16 *FILE START TIME : UTC 2016/04/30 05:42:45.000 TIME INCREMENT : 0 0 0 0.416667E-01 0 ! (day hr min sec ms) NUMBER OF RECORDS : 74 DATA DESCRIPTION : CTD FILE TYPE : ASCII CRC : D6C5EC5F NUMBER OF CHANNELS : 9 $TABLE: CHANNELS ! No Name Units Minimum Maximum !--- --------------------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- 1 Pressure decibar 3.12 76.94 2 Temperature:Secondary 'deg C (ITS90)' 9.237 10.7901 3 Transmissivity %/metre 29.5 51 4 Fluorescence:URU:Seapoint mg/m^3 0.267 5.584 5 pH:SBE:Nominal n/a 7.765 8.064 6 Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 27.7243 29.979 7 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 4.894 7.225 8 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE umol/kg 213.5407 315.8242 9 Number_of_bin_records n/a 25 65 $END $TABLE: CHANNEL DETAIL ! No Pad Start Width Format Type Decimal_Places !--- ---- ----- ----- ------ ---- -------------- 1 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 2 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 3 -99 ' ' 6 F ' ' 1 4 -99 ' ' 8 F ' ' 3 5 -99 ' ' 8 F ' ' 3 6 -99 ' ' 9 F R4 4 7 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 2 8 -99 ' ' 6 F ' ' 1 9 -99 ' ' 5 I I 0 $END $REMARKS This file converted from Sea-Bird file: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2016-52\Pro $END *ADMINISTRATION MISSION : 2016-52 AGENCY : Ocean Networks Canada / Natural Resources Canada COUNTRY : Canada PROJECT : Strait of Georgia / North Coast Marine Geohazards SCIENTIST : Macoun P. PLATFORM : John P. Tully *LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC AREA : Saanich Inlet / Strait of Georgia / Hecate Strait STATION : S6 EVENT NUMBER : 10 LATITUDE : 48 41.60000 N ! (deg min) LONGITUDE : 123 29.82000 W ! (deg min) WATER DEPTH : 83 ALTIMETER (M) : 5.15 ! custom item $REMARKS Altimeter value is distance from bottom and is calculated as the median of the deepest 2 metres of data. $END *INSTRUMENT TYPE : Sea-Bird CTD MODEL : SBE-911plus SERIAL NUMBER : 0443 LOCATION : Mid-ship ! custom item $TABLE: SENSORS ! Name Abs Depth Serial No ! --------------------------------- -------------- ---------- Temperature ' ' 2106 Conductivity ' ' 2280 'Pressure:Digiquartz with TC' ' ' 0443 Temperature:2 ' ' 2663 Conductivity:2 ' ' 2754 'Oxygen:SBE 43' ' ' 0997 Fluorometer:Seapoint ' ' 3640 'Transmissometer:WET Labs C-Star' ' ' 1185DR Altimeter ' ' 62354 pH ' ' 0692 $END $REMARKS SOFTWARE VERSION SEASAVE V 7.23.2 $END *HISTORY $TABLE: PROGRAMS ! Name Vers Date Time Recs In Recs Out ! -------- ------ ---------- -------- --------- --------- SBE_IOS 3.5.2 2017/01/20 09:39:56 6161 6161 CLEAN 5.2.1 2017/01/20 09:44:57 6161 6161 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2017/01/20 15:13:44 6161 6161 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2017/01/20 15:39:39 6161 6161 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2017/01/20 16:10:59 6161 6161 DELETE 6.3 2017/01/20 16:12:53 6161 2832 CTDEDIT 5.2.3 2017/01/23 11:48:37 2832 2626 CALIB 11.9 2017/01/23 16:50:58 2626 2626 CALIB 11.9 2017/01/23 16:51:43 2626 2626 FILTERS 4.3 2017/01/23 16:52:23 2626 2626 BINAVE 4.2 2017/01/23 17:09:24 2626 74 REMOVECH 8.2 2017/01/24 11:29:37 74 74 CHGUNITS 3.1.1 2017/01/24 11:29:48 74 74 REORDER 1.3.1 2017/01/24 11:29:53 ? ? HDREDIT2 3.1 2017/01/26 09:00:25 ? ? $END $REMARKS -CLEAN functions: 2017/01/20 09:44:37 20 Reset #RECS, MIN & MAX values in header. Interpolation by Record Number, in Pressure Set event to last 4 characters of file name -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Fluorescence:URU:Seapoint # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= 24.00 -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Conductivity:Secondary [S/m] # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= -0.60 Salinity was recalculated after shift -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: pH:SBE [pH Units] # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= 30.00 -The following DELETE parameters were used: Surface Record Removal: Last Press Min Maximum Surface Pressure (relative): 10.00 Surface Swell Pressure Tolerance: 1.00 Pressure filtered over width: 15 Swells deleted. Warning message if pressure difference of 2.00 Drop rates < 0.30m/s (calculated over 11 points) will be deleted. Drop rate applies in the range 10.00 to 67.85 dbars Sample interval (from FILE section of header) = 0.042 seconds. -CTDEDIT v5.2.3 2017/01/23 11:48:37 206 records were deleted in this editing session. 14 changes in channel Salinity:T1:C1 -CALIB parameters: 2017/01/23 16:50:58 Calibration type = Correct Mode: ONLY - calibration specs from Cal File only. Salinity is computed Calibration file = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2016-52\Processing\doc\2016-52-recal1.CCF Calibrations applied: Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 2 Pressure decibar 10 -0.4000000E+00 0.1000000E+01 3 Temperature:Primary deg C (IT 10 -0.1500000E-02 0.1000000E+01 16 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 10 0.3770000E-01 0.1020800E+01 Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 15 Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 130 Pressure Temperature:Secondary Conductivity:Secondary -CALIB parameters: 2017/01/23 16:51:43 Calibration type = Correct Mode: ONLY - calibration specs from Cal File only. Calibration file = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2016-52\Processing\doc\2016-52-recal2.CCF Calibrations applied: Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 14 Salinity:T0:C0 PSS-78 10 0.4000000E-02 0.1000000E+01 15 Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 10 0.2000000E-02 0.1000000E+01 -The following FILTER parameters were used. Median filter was used. Filter width = 11 The following channel(s) were filtered. Fluorescence:URU:Seapoint -The following BINAVE parameters were used: Bin channel = Pressure Averaging interval = 1.00 Minimum bin value = 0.000 Average value was used Interpolated values were NOT used for empty bins Channel 'NUMBER_OF_BIN_RECORDS' was added to file. -REMOVECH 2017/01/24 11:29:37 The following CHANNEL(S) were removed: Scan_Number Temperature:Primary [deg C (ITS90)] Conductivity:Primary [S/m] Conductivity:Secondary [S/m] Oxygen:Voltage:SBE [volts] Altimeter [metres] Descent_Rate [m/s] Status:Pump Salinity:T0:C0 [PSS-78] Flag -CHANGE units: Temperature reference channel: Temperature:Secondary Salinity reference channel: Salinity:T1:C1 'Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [mL/L]' changed from mL/L to umol/kg -HEADER EDITS: 2017/01/26 09:00:25 Applied edit header: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\Archive-new\2016-52\Processing\doc\2016-52-HDR.TXT Channel 1: Pressure [decibar] Format: F11.2 ==> F7.1 Channel 7: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [mL/L] Format: F8.3 ==> F7.2 Channel 9: Number_of_bin_records [n/a] Pad: ' ' ==> -99 Channel 5: pH:SBE:Nominal [n/a] Name: pH:SBE ==> pH:SBE:Nominal Units: pH Units ==> n/a $END *COMMENTS SBE HEADER Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File: FileName = C:\CTD Data\2016-52\2016-52-0010.hex Software Version Seasave V 7.23.2 Temperature SN = 2106 Conductivity SN = 2280 Number of Bytes Per Scan = 37 Number of Voltage Words = 4 Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1 System UpLoad Time = Apr 30 2016 05:49:11 NMEA Latitude = 48 41.60 N NMEA Longitude = 123 29.82 W NMEA UTC (Time) = Apr 30 2016 05:42:45 Store Lat/Lon Data = Append to Every Scan SBE 11plus V 5.1e number of scans to average = 1 pressure baud rate = 9600 NMEA baud rate = 4800 GPIB address = 1 advance primary conductivity 0.073 seconds advance secondary conductivity 0.073 seconds S> Mission: 2016-52 Ship: J.P. Tully Station: S6 Depth: 160 System UTC = Apr 30 2016 05:49:11 # nquan = 17 # nvalues = 6161 # units = specified # name 0 = scan: Scan Count # name 1 = prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz [db] # name 2 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C] # name 3 = t190C: Temperature, 2 [ITS-90, deg C] # name 4 = c0S/m: Conductivity [S/m] # name 5 = c1S/m: Conductivity, 2 [S/m] # name 6 = CStarTr0: Beam Transmission, WET Labs C-Star [%] # name 7 = flSP: Fluorescence, Seapoint # name 8 = sbeox0V: Oxygen raw, SBE 43 [V] # name 9 = ph: pH # name 10 = altM: Altimeter [m] # name 11 = dz/dtM: Descent Rate [m/s] # name 12 = pumps: Pump Status # name 13 = sal00: Salinity, Practical [PSU] # name 14 = sal11: Salinity, Practical, 2 [PSU] # name 15 = sbeox0ML/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 [ml/l], WS = 2 # name 16 = flag: flag # span 0 = 1, 6161 # span 1 = 2.574, 77.849 # span 2 = 9.2315, 10.8016 # span 3 = 9.2291, 10.8062 # span 4 = 3.088884, 3.273514 # span 5 = 3.088398, 3.263137 # span 6 = 68.9654, 84.8642 # span 7 = 2.3443e-01, 8.4249e+00 # span 8 = 2.4847, 3.3980 # span 9 = 7.760, 8.068 # span 10 = 5.05, 100.00 # span 11 = -1.011, 0.858 # span 12 = 0, 1 # span 13 = 27.1546, 30.1066 # span 14 = 27.1513, 30.0020 # span 15 = 4.7512, 7.0571 # span 16 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00 # interval = seconds: 0.0416667 # start_time = Apr 30 2016 05:42:45 [NMEA time, header] # bad_flag = -9.990e-29 # # # # # 2106 # 17-Dec-14 # 1 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.000 # 4.14703785e-003 # 6.31044927e-004 # 2.13121431e-005 # 2.18594910e-006 # 1000.000 # 1.00000000 # 0.0000 # # # # # # 2280 # 19-Dec-14 # 1 # # 0.0000 # 2000.0000 # 0 # # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.0 # -9.57000000e-008 # # # -1.00904009e+001 # 1.35149315e+000 # -1.84720682e-003 # 1.90856808e-004 # -9.57000000e-008 # 3.2500e-006 # # 0.00000000e+000 # # 1.00000000 # 0.00000 # # # # # # 0443 # 17-Dec-14 # -4.435292e+004 # -1.635794e-001 # 1.192740e-002 # 3.979900e-002 # 0.000000e+000 # 2.993627e+001 # -3.271008e-004 # 3.759160e-006 # 1.565300e-009 # 0.99991613 # -0.54760 # 0.000000e+000 # 1.282462e-002 # -8.599824e+000 # # # # # # 2663 # 15-Jan-15 # 1 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.000 # 4.36565531e-003 # 6.42337654e-004 # 2.40578991e-005 # 2.42263656e-006 # 1000.000 # 1.00000000 # 0.0000 # # # # # # 2754 # 19-Dec-14 # 1 # # 0.0000 # 2000.0000 # 0 # # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.0 # -9.57000000e-008 # # # -1.05920237e+001 # 1.61356129e+000 # -1.94911294e-003 # 2.41671700e-004 # -9.57000000e-008 # 3.2500e-006 # # 0.00000000e+000 # # 1.00000000 # 0.00000 # # # # # # 0997 # 17-Jan-15 # 1 # # # 0.0000 # 0.0000e+000 # 0.0000 # 0.00e+000 # 0.0000 # 0.0 # # # # 4.0785e-001 # -0.6967 # -3.5082e-003 # 1.2934e-004 # -1.8411e-006 # 2.5826e+000 # 1.92634e-004 # -4.64803e-002 # 3.6000e-002 # 1.6200 #

-3.3000e-002

#

5.0000e+003

#

1.4500e+003

# # # # # # # 3640 # # # 1 # 0.000 # # # # # # 1185DR # APR 27. 2016 # 19.3479 # -1.1028 # 0.250 # # # # # # # # # 62354 # # 15.000 # 0.000 # # # # # # # # # 0692 # 12 Jan 2016 # 4.6015 # 2.5353 # # # # # # # datcnv_date = Jan 19 2017 15:32:31, 7.23.2 [datcnv_vars = 13] # datcnv_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2016-52\RAW\CTD\2016-52-0010.hex P:\Crui se_Data_Processing\2016-52\Processing\doc\2016-52-ctd.xmlcon # datcnv_skipover = 0 # datcnv_ox_hysteresis_correction = no # wildedit_date = Jan 19 2017 15:55:29, 7.23.2 # wildedit_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2016-52\Processing\convert\2016-52-001 0.cnv # wildedit_pass1_nstd = 2.0 # wildedit_pass2_nstd = 5.0 # wildedit_pass2_mindelta = 0.000e+000 # wildedit_npoint = 50 # wildedit_vars = prDM t090C t190C c0S/m c1S/m # wildedit_excl_bad_scans = yes # alignctd_date = Jan 19 2017 16:08:28, 7.23.2 # alignctd_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2016-52\Processing\wildedit\2016-52-00 10.cnv # alignctd_adv = sbeox0V 3.000 # celltm_date = Jan 19 2017 16:09:53, 7.23.2 # celltm_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2016-52\Processing\align\2016-52-0010.cn v # celltm_alpha = 0.0245, 0.0245 # celltm_tau = 9.5000, 9.5000 # celltm_temp_sensor_use_for_cond = primary, secondary # Derive_date = Jan 19 2017 16:12:44, 7.23.2 [derive_vars = 3] # Derive_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2016-52\Processing\celltm\2016-52-0010.c nv P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2016-52\Processing\doc\2016-52-ctd.xmlcon # derive_time_window_docdt = seconds: 2 # derive_ox_tau_correction = yes # file_type = ascii END* Remarks from CTDEDIT: CTDEDIT was used to remove some near-surface records and records corrupted by shed wakes near the bottom of the cast; salinity was cleaned. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Data Processing Notes: ---------------------- Transmissivity and Fluorescence data are nominal and unedited except that some records were removed in editing temperature and salinity. For details on how the transmissivity calibration parameters were calculated see the document in folder "\cruise_data\documents\transmissivity". Recalibration of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen was based on cruise 2016-41. WARNING: The pH:SBE:Nominal data should be used with caution; no field calibration data were available. Calibration is required for each cast to get absolute values, although general trends within a cast are likely real. For details on the processing see document: 2016-52_Processing_Report.doc. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *CALIBRATION $TABLE: CALCULATED CHANNELS ! Name Units Fmla Pad Coefficients ! ---------------- -------- ---- ------ ------------ Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 130 -99 (Pressure Temperature:Secondary Conductivity:Secondary) () $END $TABLE: CORRECTED CHANNELS !Name Units Fmla Pad Coefficients !---------------------- --------------- ---- ------ ------------ Pressure decibar 10 -99 () (-0.4 1) Temperature:Primary 'deg C (ITS90)' 10 -99 () (-0.15E-02 1) Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 10 -99 () (0.377E-01 1.0208) Salinity:T0:C0 PSS-78 10 -99 () (0.4E-02 1) Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 10 -99 () (0.2E-02 1) $END !--1--- ---2---- --3-- ---4--- ---5--- ---6---- --7--- --8-- -9-- !Pressu Temperat Trans Fluores pH:SBE: Salinity Oxygen Oxyge Numb !re ure: missi cence: Nominal :T1:C1 : n: er_o ! Secondar vity URU: Dissol Disso ~bin ! y Seapoin ved: lved: _rec ! t SBE SBE ords !------ -------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ------ ----- ---- *END OF HEADER 3.1 10.7394 34.5 2.688 8.049 27.7243 7.03 307.4 54 3.8 10.7788 34.5 3.084 8.049 27.7526 6.97 304.8 38 6.1 10.7901 36.6 3.123 8.048 27.7691 7.16 312.8 43 7.0 10.7754 31.5 3.817 8.062 27.8849 7.22 315.8 49 8.0 10.5798 29.5 5.563 8.064 28.0694 7.15 312.5 47 9.0 10.4348 31.8 5.584 8.059 28.2264 7.01 306.5 44 10.0 10.3873 37.6 4.619 8.052 28.2901 6.96 304.1 43 11.0 10.3733 38.2 4.092 8.050 28.3365 6.95 303.6 40 12.0 10.3893 37.0 3.924 8.045 28.4463 6.82 297.8 38 13.0 10.3555 37.6 3.075 8.039 28.5503 6.68 291.8 36 14.0 10.2699 37.2 3.093 8.030 28.6610 6.61 288.5 36 15.0 10.2648 38.8 3.152 8.024 28.6764 6.57 286.8 35 16.0 10.2657 38.9 2.906 8.019 28.6765 6.51 284.6 34 17.0 10.2668 39.6 2.879 8.014 28.6800 6.49 283.5 34 18.0 10.2669 39.5 2.481 8.010 28.6808 6.46 282.1 32 19.0 10.2633 42.1 2.385 8.005 28.6892 6.38 278.5 30 20.0 10.2045 42.4 2.169 7.999 28.7441 6.30 275.4 31 21.0 10.1484 42.8 1.833 7.992 28.7871 6.26 273.5 32 22.0 10.1256 43.3 1.606 7.986 28.8033 6.25 272.8 31 23.0 10.1222 43.2 1.501 7.982 28.8054 6.24 272.4 32 24.0 10.1228 43.4 1.274 7.976 28.8052 6.22 271.8 31 25.0 10.1243 43.0 1.282 7.975 28.8041 6.22 271.9 31 26.0 10.1230 43.1 1.486 7.972 28.8049 6.22 271.5 31 27.0 10.1175 43.7 1.276 7.971 28.8094 6.21 271.1 30 28.0 10.1100 43.3 1.278 7.967 28.8146 6.20 270.6 31 29.0 10.1065 42.2 1.408 7.966 28.8164 6.18 270.0 30 30.0 10.0880 44.1 1.506 7.963 28.8224 6.17 269.3 30 31.0 9.9800 44.7 1.381 7.956 28.8550 6.15 268.6 27 32.0 9.9529 46.1 1.266 7.951 28.8650 6.12 267.2 30 33.0 9.9556 45.8 1.125 7.948 28.8658 6.11 266.7 30 34.0 9.9518 46.1 1.380 7.943 28.8679 6.08 265.8 28 35.0 9.9311 46.0 1.481 7.938 28.8790 6.04 263.7 30 36.0 9.9037 47.1 1.289 7.935 28.8965 5.98 261.2 29 37.0 9.8530 47.4 1.518 7.929 28.9253 5.94 259.4 30 38.0 9.8005 47.6 1.173 7.922 28.9500 5.90 257.5 29 39.0 9.7793 48.1 0.908 7.917 28.9590 5.84 255.0 30 40.0 9.7501 48.0 0.858 7.911 28.9739 5.76 251.4 29 41.0 9.6442 49.5 0.996 7.902 29.0211 5.67 247.6 30 42.0 9.5707 50.5 0.766 7.893 29.0496 5.62 245.6 29 43.0 9.5536 50.9 0.983 7.885 29.0593 5.61 244.8 30 44.0 9.5534 50.5 0.816 7.879 29.0649 5.59 244.1 29 45.0 9.5608 50.4 0.814 7.874 29.0678 5.58 243.5 28 46.0 9.5472 49.9 0.609 7.868 29.0720 5.56 242.7 29 47.0 9.5144 50.7 0.508 7.863 29.0880 5.54 241.8 29 48.0 9.4979 50.9 0.543 7.858 29.1001 5.51 240.6 29 49.0 9.4798 50.8 0.725 7.854 29.1187 5.47 239.0 29 50.0 9.4504 50.3 0.537 7.847 29.1468 5.44 237.5 29 51.0 9.4133 49.5 0.433 7.842 29.1889 5.41 236.1 29 52.0 9.4070 50.1 0.390 7.837 29.1954 5.37 234.4 29 53.0 9.3801 50.0 0.424 7.830 29.2216 5.33 232.5 26 54.0 9.3352 50.3 0.390 7.825 29.2506 5.29 230.7 28 55.0 9.3234 50.1 0.462 7.819 29.2625 5.23 228.5 29 56.0 9.3030 49.1 0.351 7.812 29.3104 5.20 226.8 25 57.0 9.2471 49.9 0.351 7.806 29.3341 5.17 225.6 29 58.0 9.2504 50.1 0.414 7.800 29.3371 5.15 224.7 28 59.0 9.2465 49.5 0.373 7.796 29.3563 5.14 224.4 29 60.0 9.2482 50.3 0.306 7.791 29.3667 5.14 224.2 29 61.0 9.2576 49.9 0.324 7.789 29.3888 5.13 223.8 29 62.0 9.2567 49.5 0.348 7.785 29.4032 5.11 223.1 27 63.0 9.2370 50.6 0.386 7.782 29.4107 5.10 222.6 29 64.0 9.2374 51.0 0.390 7.779 29.4166 5.11 223.0 31 65.0 9.2555 50.6 0.378 7.778 29.4244 5.12 223.4 32 66.0 9.2724 50.1 0.393 7.775 29.4599 5.11 223.1 37 67.0 9.2776 47.6 0.334 7.773 29.5144 5.11 223.0 38 68.0 9.2926 46.0 0.332 7.772 29.5274 5.11 222.8 36 68.9 9.3063 43.7 0.360 7.774 29.5394 5.10 222.6 31 70.0 9.3305 40.8 0.330 7.776 29.5704 5.09 222.2 57 71.0 9.3407 39.4 0.456 7.778 29.6195 5.08 221.8 65 72.0 9.3300 39.9 0.528 7.775 29.6827 5.02 219.2 63 73.0 9.3155 41.8 0.296 7.771 29.7461 4.96 216.3 61 74.0 9.3098 43.4 0.314 7.770 29.7902 4.92 214.7 60 75.0 9.3157 42.6 0.267 7.766 29.8208 4.91 214.2 56 76.0 9.3230 37.8 0.349 7.765 29.9450 4.90 213.9 60 76.9 9.3237 33.9 0.353 7.768 29.9790 4.89 213.5 52