*2012/05/19 15:24:00.26 *IOS HEADER VERSION 1.10 2011/10/26 2011/10/26 *FILE START TIME : UTC 2012/03/11 21:56:00.000 TIME INCREMENT : 0 0 0 0.416667E-01 0 ! (day hr min sec ms) NUMBER OF RECORDS : 99 DATA DESCRIPTION : CTD FILE TYPE : ASCII CRC : A18EB687 NUMBER OF CHANNELS : 7 $TABLE: CHANNELS ! No Name Units Minimum Maximum !--- -------------------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- 1 Pressure decibar 4.08 101.87 2 Temperature:Secondary 'deg C (ITS90)' 6.8714 6.9668 3 Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs mg/m^3 0.421 0.662 4 Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 31.098 31.8916 5 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 5.604 6.45 6 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE umol/kg 244.0825 281.0992 7 Number_of_bin_records n/a 16 28 $END $TABLE: CHANNEL DETAIL ! No Pad Start Width Format Type Decimal_Places !--- ---- ----- ----- ------ ---- -------------- 1 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 2 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 3 -99 ' ' 8 F ' ' 3 4 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 5 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 2 6 -99 ' ' 6 F ' ' 1 7 ' ' ' ' 5 I I 0 $END $REMARKS This file converted from Sea-Bird file: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Pro Comments from secondary file: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\ios\2012-03-0163.cln2 ------------------------------------------------------------------ This file converted from Sea-Bird file: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Pro $END *ADMINISTRATION MISSION : 2012-03 AGENCY : PBS, Salmon And Freshwater Ecosystems, Nanaimo, B.C. COUNTRY : Canada PROJECT : High Seas Salmon SCIENTIST : Zubkowski T. PLATFORM : W.E. Ricker *LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC AREA : Juan de Fuca / WCVI / Queen Charlotte Strait STATION : QCST 05 EVENT NUMBER : 163 LATITUDE : 50 48.38000 N ! (deg min) LONGITUDE : 127 26.53000 W ! (deg min) WATER DEPTH : 108 *INSTRUMENT TYPE : Sea-Bird CTD MODEL : SBE-911plus SERIAL NUMBER : 0506 $REMARKS SOFTWARE VERSION SEASAVE V 7.21D Comments from secondary file: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\ios\2012-03-0163.cln2 ------------------------------------------------------------------ SOFTWARE VERSION SEASAVE V 7.21D $END *HISTORY $TABLE: PROGRAMS ! Name Vers Date Time Recs In Recs Out ! -------- ------ ---------- -------- --------- --------- SBE_IOS 3.1.1 2012/05/02 17:12:55 6095 6095 CLEAN 5.0.4 2012/05/02 17:17:08 6095 6095 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2012/05/04 10:05:39 6095 6095 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2012/05/04 13:36:33 6095 6095 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2012/05/04 13:41:41 6095 6095 DELETE 6.3 2012/05/04 13:46:36 6095 2459 CTDEDIT 4.61 2012/05/08 14:40:39 2459 2391 MERGE 3.4 2012/05/18 16:37:39 2391 2391 CALIB 11.7 2012/05/18 16:43:01 2391 2391 FILTERS 4.3 2012/05/18 17:02:54 2391 2391 BINAVE 4.1.1 2012/05/18 17:03:46 2391 99 REMOVECH 8.1.1 2012/05/18 17:04:00 99 99 CHGUNITS 3.0 2012/05/18 17:05:02 99 99 REORDER 1.3 2012/05/19 15:21:46 ? ? HDREDIT2 2.5.1 2012/05/19 15:24:00 ? ? $END $REMARKS -CLEAN functions: 2012/05/02 17:14:01 20 Interpolation by Record Number, in Pressure Set event to last 4 characters of file name -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Fluorescence:Wetlabs:ECO-AFL # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= 12.00 -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Conductivity:Primary # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= -0.50 Salinity was recalculated after shift -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Conductivity:Secondary # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= -0.70 Salinity was recalculated after shift -The following DELETE parameters were used: Surface Record Removal: Last Press Min Maximum Surface Pressure (relative): 10.00 Surface Swell Pressure Tolerance: 1.00 Pressure filtered over width: 15 Swells deleted. Warning message if pressure difference of 2.00 Drop rates < 0.30m/s (calculated over 11 points) will be deleted. Drop rate applies in the range 10.00 to 91.31 dbars Sample interval (from FILE section of header) = 0.042 seconds. -CTDEDIT 2012/05/08 14:40:39 68 records were deleted in this editing session. 1 change in channel Temperature:Secondary 92 changes in channel Salinity:T1:C1 -The following MERGE parameters were used: 2012/05/18 16:35:26 2012/05/18 16:35:27 2012/05/18 16:35: Merge Channel: Scan_Number Merge Scheme Used: Add Secondary to Primary Overlap Scheme Used: Keep Primary Primary Channels to Include: Scan_Number, Pressure, Temperature:Primary, Temperature:Secondary, Conductivity:Primary, Conductivity:Secondary, Fluorescence:Wetlabs:ECO-AFL, Oxygen:Voltage:SBE, pH:SBE, Descent_Rate, Status:Pump, Salinity:T0:C0, Salinity:T1:C1, Flag Secondary Channels to Include: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE Primary file : P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\ios\2012-03-0163.edt Secondary file: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\ios\2012-03-0163.cln2 Comments from secondary file: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\ios\2012-03-0163.cln2 ------------------------------------------------------------------ -CLEAN functions: 2012/05/18 15:57:28 20 Reset #RECS, MIN & MAX values in header. -The following DELETE parameters were used: Surface Record Removal: Last Press Min Maximum Surface Pressure (relative): 10.00 Surface Swell Pressure Tolerance: 1.00 Pressure filtered over width: 15 Swells deleted. Warning message if pressure difference of 2.00 Drop rates < 0.30m/s (calculated over 11 points) will be deleted. Drop rate applies in the range 10.00 to 91.31 dbars Sample interval (from FILE section of header) = 0.042 seconds. -CLEAN functions: 2012/05/18 16:33:58 20 Remove Sea-Bird comments from the header. -CALIB parameters: 2012/05/18 16:43:01 Calibration type = Correct Mode: ONLY - calibration specs from Cal File only. Calibration file = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\doc\2012-03-Recal1.CCF Calibrations applied: Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 2 Pressure dbars 10 0.1200000E+01 0.1000000E+01 13 Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 10 0.4000000E-02 0.1000000E+01 -The following FILTER parameters were used. Median filter was used. Filter width = 11 The following channel(s) were filtered. Fluorescence:Wetlabs:ECO-AFL -The following BINAVE parameters were used: Bin channel = Pressure Averaging interval = 1.00 Minimum bin value = 0.000 Average value was used Interpolated values were NOT used for empty bins Channel 'NUMBER_OF_BIN_RECORDS' was added to file. -REMOVECH 2012/05/18 17:04:00 The following CHANNEL(S) were removed: Scan_Number Temperature:Primary [deg C (ITS90)] Conductivity:Primary [S/m] Conductivity:Secondary [S/m] Oxygen:Voltage:SBE [volts] pH:SBE [pH Units] Descent_Rate [m/s] Status:Pump Salinity:T0:C0 [PSS-78] Flag -CHANGE units: 'Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [mL/L]' changed from mL/L to umol/kg -HEADER EDITS: 2012/05/19 15:24:00 Applied edit header: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\doc\2012-03-hdr.txt Channel 1: Pressure [decibar] Units: dbars ==> decibar Format: F11.2 ==> F7.1 Channel 3: Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs [mg/m^3] Name: Fluorescence:Wetlabs:ECO-AFL ==> Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs Channel 5: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [mL/L] Format: F8.3 ==> F7.2 $END *COMMENTS SBE HEADER Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File: FileName = C:\Data\2012-03\2012-03-0163.hex Software Version Seasave V 7.21d Temperature SN = 2038 Conductivity SN = 3394 Number of Bytes Per Scan = 40 Number of Voltage Words = 5 Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1 System UpLoad Time = Mar 11 2012 20:56:26 NMEA Latitude = 50 48.38 N NMEA Longitude = 127 26.53 W NMEA UTC (Time) = Mar 11 2012 21:56:00 Store Lat/Lon Data = Append to Every Scan SBE 11plus V 5.1e number of scans to average = 1 pressure baud rate = 9600 NMEA baud rate = 4800 surface PAR voltage added to scan A/D offset = 3 Latitude/Longitude added to scan GPIB address = 1 advance primary conductivity 0.073 seconds advance secondary conductivity 0.073 seconds S> Ricker 2012-03 Station: QCST 05 Depth(m): 108 System UTC = Mar 11 2012 20:56:26 # nquan = 15 # nvalues = 6095 # units = specified # name 0 = scan: Scan Count # name 1 = prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz [db] # name 2 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C] # name 3 = t190C: Temperature, 2 [ITS-90, deg C] # name 4 = c0S/m: Conductivity [S/m] # name 5 = c1S/m: Conductivity, 2 [S/m] # name 6 = flECO-AFL: Fluorescence, WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL [mg/m^3] # name 7 = sbeox0V: Oxygen raw, SBE 43 [V] # name 8 = ph: pH # name 9 = dz/dtM: Descent Rate [m/s] # name 10 = pumps: Pump Status # name 11 = sal00: Salinity, Practical [PSU] # name 12 = sal11: Salinity, Practical, 2 [PSU] # name 13 = sbeox0ML/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 [ml/l], WS = 2 # name 14 = flag: flag # span 0 = 1, 6095 # span 1 = 1.102, 101.308 # span 2 = 6.8701, 6.9729 # span 3 = 6.8711, 6.9740 # span 4 = 3.160962, 3.250680 # span 5 = 3.161193, 3.251137 # span 6 = -0.0144, 17.1578 # span 7 = 2.2857, 2.5934 # span 8 = 7.967, 8.320 # span 9 = -1.822, 1.532 # span 10 = 0, 1 # span 11 = 31.0888, 31.9332 # span 12 = 31.0855, 31.9373 # span 13 = 5.81549, 6.84970 # span 14 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00 # interval = seconds: 0.0416667 # start_time = Mar 11 2012 21:56:00 [NMEA time, header] # bad_flag = -9.990e-29 # # # # # 2038 # 13-Apr-11 # 1 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.000 # 4.34121727e-003 # 6.27761521e-004 # 1.93344285e-005 # 1.38951411e-006 # 1000.000 # 1.00000000 # 0.0000 # # # # # # 3394 # 29-Mar-11 # 1 # # 0.0000 # 2000.0000 # 0 # # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.0 # -9.57000000e-008 # # # -9.62629272e+000 # 1.47700223e+000 # -1.98297688e-003 # 2.38475512e-004 # -9.57000000e-008 # 3.2500e-006 # # 0.00000000e+000 # # 1.00000000 # 0.00000 # # # # # # 69698 # 15-Apr-11 # -4.957807e+004 # -1.280011e+000 # 1.485710e-002 # 4.021200e-002 # 0.000000e+000 # 3.037224e+001 # -6.696188e-004 # 3.897170e-006 # 3.287590e-009 # 0.99992459 # -1.37675 # 0.000000e+000 # 1.280810e-002 # -9.210198e+000 # # # # # # 4883 # 31-Mar-11 # 1 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.000 # 4.38024578e-003 # 6.40182173e-004 # 2.13732036e-005 # 1.78729483e-006 # 1000.000 # 1.00000000 # 0.0000 # # # # # # 1763 # 29-Mar-11 # 1 # # 0.0000 # 2000.0000 # 0 # # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.0 # -9.57000000e-008 # # # -4.22277306e+000 # 5.07762678e-001 # -5.42749610e-004 # 5.32046027e-005 # -9.57000000e-008 # 3.2500e-006 # # 0.00000000e+000 # # 1.00000000 # 0.00000 # # # # # # # # # # # # 1119 # 29-Mar-11p # 1 # # # 0.0000 # 0.0000e+000 # 0.0000 # 0.00e+000 # 0.0000 # 0.0 # # # # 4.7070e-001 # -0.4812 # -1.5691e-003 # 7.1741e-005 # -1.3719e-006 # 2.5826e+000 # 1.92630e-004 # -4.64800e-002 # 3.6000e-002 # 1.1300 #

-3.3000e-002

#

5.0000e+003

#

1.4500e+003

# # # # # # # 2215 # Mar 2012 # 6.00000000e+000 # # 0.0256 # # # # # # 0851 # 21-Apr-11 # 4.6180 # 2.5063 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.00000000 # 0.00000000 # # # # datcnv_date = May 02 2012 16:08:04, 7.21d [datcnv_vars = 11] # datcnv_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\RAW\CTD\2012-03-0163.hex P:\Crui se_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\doc\2012-03-ctd-new.xmlcon # datcnv_skipover = 0 # datcnv_ox_hysteresis_correction = yes # wildedit_date = May 02 2012 16:11:02, 7.21d # wildedit_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\convert\2012-03-016 3.cnv # wildedit_pass1_nstd = 2.0 # wildedit_pass2_nstd = 5.0 # wildedit_pass2_mindelta = 0.000e+000 # wildedit_npoint = 50 # wildedit_vars = prDM t090C t190C c0S/m c1S/m # wildedit_excl_bad_scans = yes # alignctd_date = May 02 2012 16:14:52, 7.21d # alignctd_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\wildedit\2012-03-01 63.cnv # alignctd_adv = sbeox0V 2.000 # celltm_date = May 02 2012 16:16:33, 7.21d # celltm_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\align\2012-03-0163.cn v # celltm_alpha = 0.0200, 0.0200 # celltm_tau = 7.0000, 7.0000 # celltm_temp_sensor_use_for_cond = primary, secondary # Derive_date = May 02 2012 16:26:30, 7.21d [derive_vars = 3] # Derive_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\celltm\2012-03-0163.c nv P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\doc\2012-03-ctd-new.xmlcon # derive_time_window_docdt = seconds: 2 # derive_ox_tau_correction = yes # file_type = ascii END* CTDEDIT was used to remove surface records and records corrupted by shed wakes; salinityw as cleaned. Data Processing Notes: ---------------------- Fluorescence data are nominal and unedited, except that some records were removed in editing temperature and salinity. There was no calibration sampling for dissolved oxygen, but the results of cruise 2012-04 were used to derive DO concentration. Recalibration of CTD salinity was based on many 10m bottles and 1 deep bottle from this cruise and from sampling during 2012-04. Both comparisons were limited by great variability, but salinity data are likely good to +/-0.003. The SBE pH sensor malfunctioned throughout the cruise. It was discovered late in processing that the dissolved oxygen concentration had been calibrated incorrectly, so the data were re-derived with the right parameters and put through all the same steps as originally run. Because the temperature and salinity data had already been edited, the corrected dissolved oxygen data were merged with the other channels at a stage after editing. This has no ill effects on any of the data, but the Dissolved Oxygen calibrations shown in the headers have incorrect values for SOC and VOffset; they should be 0.4442 and -0.4822, respectively. For details on the processing see processing report: 2012-03-proc.doc. *CALIBRATION $TABLE: CORRECTED CHANNELS ! Name Units Fmla Pad Coefficients ! ---------------- -------- ---- ------ ------------ Pressure dbars 10 -99 () (1.2 1) Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 10 -99 () (0.4E-02 1) $END !--1--- ---2---- ---3--- ---4---- --5--- --6-- -7-- !Pressu Temperat Fluores Salinity Oxygen Oxyge Numb !re ure: cence: :T1:C1 : n: er_o ! Secondar URU: Dissol Disso ~bin ! y Wetlabs ved: lved: _rec ! SBE SBE ords !------ -------- ------- -------- ------ ----- ---- *END OF HEADER 4.1 6.9062 0.449 31.0983 6.44 280.8 24 5.0 6.9067 0.421 31.0981 6.45 281.1 22 6.0 6.9081 0.464 31.0983 6.45 281.1 25 7.0 6.9110 0.482 31.0983 6.45 281.1 25 8.0 6.9062 0.523 31.0980 6.44 280.8 24 9.0 6.8878 0.559 31.0989 6.43 280.4 25 10.0 6.8714 0.626 31.0997 6.43 280.3 22 11.0 6.8844 0.662 31.1105 6.41 279.3 23 12.0 6.9122 0.623 31.1415 6.36 277.3 24 13.0 6.9148 0.633 31.1520 6.33 275.9 24 14.0 6.9196 0.612 31.1714 6.31 274.9 24 15.0 6.9192 0.610 31.1736 6.30 274.7 25 16.0 6.9209 0.627 31.1748 6.30 274.7 23 17.0 6.9206 0.611 31.1716 6.30 274.4 25 18.0 6.9208 0.598 31.1778 6.29 274.3 25 19.0 6.9212 0.617 31.1822 6.30 274.4 25 20.0 6.9215 0.627 31.1864 6.30 274.3 24 21.0 6.9216 0.614 31.1855 6.29 274.1 24 22.0 6.9219 0.598 31.1953 6.28 273.6 23 23.0 6.9222 0.572 31.1999 6.27 273.2 23 24.0 6.9219 0.592 31.2090 6.27 273.1 23 25.0 6.9217 0.581 31.2172 6.26 272.7 23 26.0 6.9216 0.559 31.2178 6.26 272.6 24 27.0 6.9220 0.589 31.2230 6.25 272.5 25 28.0 6.9219 0.576 31.2259 6.24 272.1 24 29.0 6.9220 0.572 31.2283 6.24 272.0 24 30.0 6.9217 0.558 31.2359 6.23 271.6 26 31.0 6.9195 0.559 31.2721 6.22 271.0 25 32.0 6.9190 0.541 31.2729 6.21 270.6 23 33.0 6.9191 0.551 31.2937 6.19 269.8 24 34.0 6.9194 0.533 31.2926 6.18 269.1 22 35.0 6.9220 0.509 31.3002 6.16 268.4 23 36.0 6.9219 0.492 31.3161 6.16 268.3 23 37.0 6.9221 0.525 31.2948 6.17 268.8 23 38.1 6.9227 0.540 31.2861 6.18 269.1 16 39.0 6.9229 0.552 31.2834 6.18 269.2 25 40.0 6.9230 0.550 31.2832 6.19 269.6 25 41.0 6.9234 0.522 31.2897 6.19 269.7 24 42.0 6.9217 0.512 31.3181 6.17 268.9 26 43.0 6.9211 0.498 31.3202 6.15 268.0 25 44.0 6.9202 0.512 31.3225 6.14 267.6 24 45.0 6.9186 0.488 31.3256 6.13 267.2 23 46.0 6.9164 0.512 31.3303 6.12 266.5 23 47.0 6.9102 0.516 31.3483 6.10 265.7 21 48.0 6.8976 0.493 31.3934 6.07 264.5 22 49.0 6.8902 0.511 31.4361 6.03 262.8 22 50.0 6.8887 0.511 31.4760 6.00 261.3 24 51.0 6.8906 0.511 31.5013 5.97 260.2 28 52.0 6.8931 0.488 31.5275 5.95 259.3 28 53.0 6.8954 0.490 31.5385 5.94 258.7 24 54.0 6.9003 0.481 31.5523 5.92 257.9 24 55.0 6.9012 0.499 31.5545 5.92 257.7 26 56.0 6.9019 0.503 31.5565 5.92 257.8 17 57.0 6.9056 0.503 31.5699 5.91 257.6 25 58.0 6.9056 0.508 31.5696 5.91 257.3 18 59.0 6.9095 0.509 31.5853 5.90 256.9 22 60.0 6.9105 0.513 31.5879 5.89 256.7 23 61.0 6.9102 0.506 31.5873 5.89 256.6 23 62.0 6.9111 0.480 31.5896 5.89 256.5 25 63.0 6.9122 0.509 31.5915 5.88 256.3 26 64.0 6.9130 0.501 31.5931 5.88 256.2 27 65.0 6.9150 0.489 31.5971 5.89 256.4 23 65.9 6.9159 0.497 31.6001 5.88 256.1 26 67.0 6.9161 0.492 31.6013 5.88 256.0 25 68.0 6.9164 0.485 31.6026 5.88 256.1 23 69.0 6.9172 0.507 31.6059 5.88 256.0 24 70.0 6.9177 0.490 31.6080 5.88 255.9 25 71.0 6.9196 0.473 31.6154 5.87 255.8 23 72.0 6.9210 0.505 31.6219 5.86 255.4 25 73.0 6.9216 0.508 31.6241 5.86 255.2 24 74.0 6.9219 0.487 31.6249 5.86 255.4 23 75.0 6.9219 0.485 31.6246 5.87 255.5 26 76.0 6.9228 0.502 31.6281 5.87 255.5 27 77.0 6.9229 0.501 31.6285 5.86 255.5 25 78.0 6.9251 0.500 31.6378 5.86 255.5 24 79.0 6.9261 0.498 31.6415 5.85 255.0 25 80.0 6.9268 0.494 31.6448 5.85 254.7 24 81.0 6.9274 0.485 31.6474 5.85 254.8 22 82.0 6.9281 0.493 31.6505 5.84 254.4 23 83.0 6.9286 0.480 31.6540 5.84 254.3 24 84.0 6.9288 0.483 31.6550 5.84 254.2 23 85.0 6.9296 0.486 31.6621 5.82 253.7 27 86.0 6.9300 0.487 31.6651 5.82 253.6 26 87.0 6.9365 0.488 31.7041 5.80 252.6 24 88.0 6.9425 0.493 31.7390 5.76 251.1 25 89.0 6.9431 0.476 31.7418 5.75 250.3 24 90.0 6.9438 0.485 31.7458 5.74 250.1 24 91.0 6.9448 0.478 31.7509 5.74 249.9 24 92.0 6.9456 0.483 31.7556 5.73 249.8 24 93.0 6.9465 0.483 31.7600 5.73 249.6 24 94.0 6.9473 0.481 31.7632 5.73 249.5 25 95.0 6.9507 0.488 31.7770 5.72 248.9 26 96.0 6.9523 0.465 31.7853 5.70 248.5 27 97.0 6.9536 0.468 31.7930 5.70 248.2 27 98.0 6.9553 0.475 31.8060 5.69 247.7 28 99.0 6.9563 0.467 31.8141 5.68 247.3 27 100.0 6.9570 0.458 31.8196 5.67 246.9 24 100.9 6.9613 0.451 31.8497 5.64 245.8 17 101.9 6.9668 0.453 31.8916 5.60 244.1 21