*2012/05/19 15:23:57.39 *IOS HEADER VERSION 1.10 2011/10/26 2011/10/26 *FILE START TIME : UTC 2012/03/02 22:44:37.000 TIME INCREMENT : 0 0 0 0.416667E-01 0 ! (day hr min sec ms) NUMBER OF RECORDS : 99 DATA DESCRIPTION : CTD FILE TYPE : ASCII CRC : CC5A534A NUMBER OF CHANNELS : 7 $TABLE: CHANNELS ! No Name Units Minimum Maximum !--- -------------------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- 1 Pressure decibar 4.41 101.78 2 Temperature:Secondary 'deg C (ITS90)' 6.9936 7.5201 3 Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs mg/m^3 0.324 1.75 4 Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 30.8346 32.9603 5 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 3.578 6.745 6 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE umol/kg 155.7217 294.0184 7 Number_of_bin_records n/a 8 54 $END $TABLE: CHANNEL DETAIL ! No Pad Start Width Format Type Decimal_Places !--- ---- ----- ----- ------ ---- -------------- 1 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 2 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 3 -99 ' ' 8 F ' ' 3 4 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 5 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 2 6 -99 ' ' 6 F ' ' 1 7 ' ' ' ' 5 I I 0 $END $REMARKS This file converted from Sea-Bird file: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Pro Comments from secondary file: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\ios\2012-03-0013.cln2 ------------------------------------------------------------------ This file converted from Sea-Bird file: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Pro $END *ADMINISTRATION MISSION : 2012-03 AGENCY : PBS, Salmon And Freshwater Ecosystems, Nanaimo, B.C. COUNTRY : Canada PROJECT : High Seas Salmon SCIENTIST : Zubkowski T. PLATFORM : W.E. Ricker *LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC AREA : Juan de Fuca / WCVI / Queen Charlotte Strait STATION : JF 05 EVENT NUMBER : 13 LATITUDE : 48 30.45000 N ! (deg min) LONGITUDE : 124 27.81000 W ! (deg min) WATER DEPTH : 115 *INSTRUMENT TYPE : Sea-Bird CTD MODEL : SBE-911plus SERIAL NUMBER : 0506 $REMARKS SOFTWARE VERSION SEASAVE V 7.21D Comments from secondary file: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\ios\2012-03-0013.cln2 ------------------------------------------------------------------ SOFTWARE VERSION SEASAVE V 7.21D $END *HISTORY $TABLE: PROGRAMS ! Name Vers Date Time Recs In Recs Out ! -------- ------ ---------- -------- --------- --------- SBE_IOS 3.1.1 2012/05/02 17:10:16 6772 6772 CLEAN 5.0.4 2012/05/02 17:14:12 6772 6772 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2012/05/04 10:02:49 6772 6772 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2012/05/04 13:33:44 6772 6772 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2012/05/04 13:38:55 6772 6772 DELETE 6.3 2012/05/04 13:44:34 6772 2785 CTDEDIT 4.61 2012/05/07 09:36:13 2785 2662 MERGE 3.4 2012/05/18 16:35:31 2662 2662 CALIB 11.7 2012/05/18 16:42:04 2662 2662 FILTERS 4.3 2012/05/18 17:01:59 2662 2662 BINAVE 4.1.1 2012/05/18 17:03:14 2662 99 REMOVECH 8.1.1 2012/05/18 17:03:56 99 99 CHGUNITS 3.0 2012/05/18 17:04:59 99 99 REORDER 1.3 2012/05/19 15:21:44 ? ? HDREDIT2 2.5.1 2012/05/19 15:23:57 ? ? $END $REMARKS -CLEAN functions: 2012/05/02 17:14:01 20 Interpolation by Record Number, in Pressure Set event to last 4 characters of file name -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Fluorescence:Wetlabs:ECO-AFL # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= 12.00 -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Conductivity:Primary # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= -0.50 Salinity was recalculated after shift -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Conductivity:Secondary # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= -0.70 Salinity was recalculated after shift -The following DELETE parameters were used: Surface Record Removal: Last Press Min Maximum Surface Pressure (relative): 10.00 Surface Swell Pressure Tolerance: 1.00 Pressure filtered over width: 15 Swells deleted. Warning message if pressure difference of 2.00 Drop rates < 0.30m/s (calculated over 11 points) will be deleted. Drop rate applies in the range 10.00 to 91.31 dbars Sample interval (from FILE section of header) = 0.042 seconds. -CTDEDIT 2012/05/07 09:36:13 123 records were deleted in this editing session. 1 change in channel Temperature:Secondary 29 changes in channel Salinity:T1:C1 -The following MERGE parameters were used: 2012/05/18 16:35:26 2012/05/18 16:35:27 2012/05/18 16:35: Merge Channel: Scan_Number Merge Scheme Used: Add Secondary to Primary Overlap Scheme Used: Keep Primary Primary Channels to Include: Scan_Number, Pressure, Temperature:Primary, Temperature:Secondary, Conductivity:Primary, Conductivity:Secondary, Fluorescence:Wetlabs:ECO-AFL, Oxygen:Voltage:SBE, pH:SBE, Descent_Rate, Status:Pump, Salinity:T0:C0, Salinity:T1:C1, Flag Secondary Channels to Include: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE Primary file : P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\ios\2012-03-0013.edt Secondary file: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\ios\2012-03-0013.cln2 Comments from secondary file: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\ios\2012-03-0013.cln2 ------------------------------------------------------------------ -CLEAN functions: 2012/05/18 15:57:28 20 Reset #RECS, MIN & MAX values in header. -The following DELETE parameters were used: Surface Record Removal: Last Press Min Maximum Surface Pressure (relative): 10.00 Surface Swell Pressure Tolerance: 1.00 Pressure filtered over width: 15 Swells deleted. Warning message if pressure difference of 2.00 Drop rates < 0.30m/s (calculated over 11 points) will be deleted. Drop rate applies in the range 10.00 to 91.31 dbars Sample interval (from FILE section of header) = 0.042 seconds. -CLEAN functions: 2012/05/18 16:33:58 20 Remove Sea-Bird comments from the header. -CALIB parameters: 2012/05/18 16:42:04 Calibration type = Correct Mode: ONLY - calibration specs from Cal File only. Calibration file = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\doc\2012-03-Recal1.CCF Calibrations applied: Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 2 Pressure dbars 10 0.1200000E+01 0.1000000E+01 13 Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 10 0.4000000E-02 0.1000000E+01 -The following FILTER parameters were used. Median filter was used. Filter width = 11 The following channel(s) were filtered. Fluorescence:Wetlabs:ECO-AFL -The following BINAVE parameters were used: Bin channel = Pressure Averaging interval = 1.00 Minimum bin value = 0.000 Average value was used Interpolated values were NOT used for empty bins Channel 'NUMBER_OF_BIN_RECORDS' was added to file. -REMOVECH 2012/05/18 17:03:56 The following CHANNEL(S) were removed: Scan_Number Temperature:Primary [deg C (ITS90)] Conductivity:Primary [S/m] Conductivity:Secondary [S/m] Oxygen:Voltage:SBE [volts] pH:SBE [pH Units] Descent_Rate [m/s] Status:Pump Salinity:T0:C0 [PSS-78] Flag -CHANGE units: 'Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [mL/L]' changed from mL/L to umol/kg -HEADER EDITS: 2012/05/19 15:23:57 Applied edit header: P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\doc\2012-03-hdr.txt Channel 1: Pressure [decibar] Units: dbars ==> decibar Format: F11.2 ==> F7.1 Channel 3: Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs [mg/m^3] Name: Fluorescence:Wetlabs:ECO-AFL ==> Fluorescence:URU:Wetlabs Channel 5: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [mL/L] Format: F8.3 ==> F7.2 $END *COMMENTS SBE HEADER Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File: FileName = C:\Data\2012-03\2012-03-0013.hex Software Version Seasave V 7.21d Temperature SN = 2038 Conductivity SN = 3394 Number of Bytes Per Scan = 40 Number of Voltage Words = 5 Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1 System UpLoad Time = Mar 02 2012 21:46:04 NMEA Latitude = 48 30.45 N NMEA Longitude = 124 27.81 W NMEA UTC (Time) = Mar 02 2012 22:44:37 Store Lat/Lon Data = Append to Every Scan SBE 11plus V 5.1e number of scans to average = 1 pressure baud rate = 9600 NMEA baud rate = 4800 surface PAR voltage added to scan A/D offset = 3 Latitude/Longitude added to scan GPIB address = 1 advance primary conductivity 0.073 seconds advance secondary conductivity 0.073 seconds S> Ricker 2012-03 Station: JF 05 Depth(m): 115 System UTC = Mar 02 2012 21:46:04 # nquan = 15 # nvalues = 6772 # units = specified # name 0 = scan: Scan Count # name 1 = prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz [db] # name 2 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C] # name 3 = t190C: Temperature, 2 [ITS-90, deg C] # name 4 = c0S/m: Conductivity [S/m] # name 5 = c1S/m: Conductivity, 2 [S/m] # name 6 = flECO-AFL: Fluorescence, WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL [mg/m^3] # name 7 = sbeox0V: Oxygen raw, SBE 43 [V] # name 8 = ph: pH # name 9 = dz/dtM: Descent Rate [m/s] # name 10 = pumps: Pump Status # name 11 = sal00: Salinity, Practical [PSU] # name 12 = sal11: Salinity, Practical, 2 [PSU] # name 13 = sbeox0ML/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 [ml/l], WS = 2 # name 14 = flag: flag # span 0 = 1, 6772 # span 1 = 0.696, 101.314 # span 2 = 6.9836, 7.5198 # span 3 = 6.9849, 7.5211 # span 4 = 3.142028, 3.384294 # span 5 = 3.142292, 3.385159 # span 6 = 0.2347, 2.6889 # span 7 = 1.6651, 2.6936 # span 8 = 7.401, 7.996 # span 9 = -1.762, 1.826 # span 10 = 0, 1 # span 11 = 30.7885, 32.9543 # span 12 = 30.7904, 32.9633 # span 13 = 3.78965, 7.17321 # span 14 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00 # interval = seconds: 0.0416667 # start_time = Mar 02 2012 22:44:37 [NMEA time, header] # bad_flag = -9.990e-29 # # # # # 2038 # 13-Apr-11 # 1 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.000 # 4.34121727e-003 # 6.27761521e-004 # 1.93344285e-005 # 1.38951411e-006 # 1000.000 # 1.00000000 # 0.0000 # # # # # # 3394 # 29-Mar-11 # 1 # # 0.0000 # 2000.0000 # 0 # # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.0 # -9.57000000e-008 # # # -9.62629272e+000 # 1.47700223e+000 # -1.98297688e-003 # 2.38475512e-004 # -9.57000000e-008 # 3.2500e-006 # # 0.00000000e+000 # # 1.00000000 # 0.00000 # # # # # # 69698 # 15-Apr-11 # -4.957807e+004 # -1.280011e+000 # 1.485710e-002 # 4.021200e-002 # 0.000000e+000 # 3.037224e+001 # -6.696188e-004 # 3.897170e-006 # 3.287590e-009 # 0.99992459 # -1.37675 # 0.000000e+000 # 1.280810e-002 # -9.210198e+000 # # # # # # 4883 # 31-Mar-11 # 1 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.000 # 4.38024578e-003 # 6.40182173e-004 # 2.13732036e-005 # 1.78729483e-006 # 1000.000 # 1.00000000 # 0.0000 # # # # # # 1763 # 29-Mar-11 # 1 # # 0.0000 # 2000.0000 # 0 # # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.0 # -9.57000000e-008 # # # -4.22277306e+000 # 5.07762678e-001 # -5.42749610e-004 # 5.32046027e-005 # -9.57000000e-008 # 3.2500e-006 # # 0.00000000e+000 # # 1.00000000 # 0.00000 # # # # # # # # # # # # 1119 # 29-Mar-11p # 1 # # # 0.0000 # 0.0000e+000 # 0.0000 # 0.00e+000 # 0.0000 # 0.0 # # # # 4.7070e-001 # -0.4812 # -1.5691e-003 # 7.1741e-005 # -1.3719e-006 # 2.5826e+000 # 1.92630e-004 # -4.64800e-002 # 3.6000e-002 # 1.1300 #

-3.3000e-002

#

5.0000e+003

#

1.4500e+003

# # # # # # # 2215 # Mar 2012 # 6.00000000e+000 # # 0.0256 # # # # # # 0851 # 21-Apr-11 # 4.6180 # 2.5063 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0.00000000 # 0.00000000 # # # # datcnv_date = May 02 2012 16:06:40, 7.21d [datcnv_vars = 11] # datcnv_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\RAW\CTD\2012-03-0013.hex P:\Crui se_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\doc\2012-03-ctd-new.xmlcon # datcnv_skipover = 0 # datcnv_ox_hysteresis_correction = yes # wildedit_date = May 02 2012 16:10:16, 7.21d # wildedit_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\convert\2012-03-001 3.cnv # wildedit_pass1_nstd = 2.0 # wildedit_pass2_nstd = 5.0 # wildedit_pass2_mindelta = 0.000e+000 # wildedit_npoint = 50 # wildedit_vars = prDM t090C t190C c0S/m c1S/m # wildedit_excl_bad_scans = yes # alignctd_date = May 02 2012 16:14:06, 7.21d # alignctd_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\wildedit\2012-03-00 13.cnv # alignctd_adv = sbeox0V 2.000 # celltm_date = May 02 2012 16:15:37, 7.21d # celltm_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\align\2012-03-0013.cn v # celltm_alpha = 0.0200, 0.0200 # celltm_tau = 7.0000, 7.0000 # celltm_temp_sensor_use_for_cond = primary, secondary # Derive_date = May 02 2012 16:25:37, 7.21d [derive_vars = 3] # Derive_in = P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\celltm\2012-03-0013.c nv P:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2012-03\Processing\doc\2012-03-ctd-new.xmlcon # derive_time_window_docdt = seconds: 2 # derive_ox_tau_correction = yes # file_type = ascii END* CTDEDIT was used to remove surface records and records corrupted by shed wakes; salinity was cleaned. Data Processing Notes: ---------------------- Fluorescence data are nominal and unedited, except that some records were removed in editing temperature and salinity. There was no calibration sampling for dissolved oxygen, but the results of cruise 2012-04 were used to derive DO concentration. Recalibration of CTD salinity was based on many 10m bottles and 1 deep bottle from this cruise and from sampling during 2012-04. Both comparisons were limited by great variability, but salinity data are likely good to +/-0.003. The SBE pH sensor malfunctioned throughout the cruise. It was discovered late in processing that the dissolved oxygen concentration had been calibrated incorrectly, so the data were re-derived with the right parameters and put through all the same steps as originally run. Because the temperature and salinity data had already been edited, the corrected dissolved oxygen data were merged with the other channels at a stage after editing. This has no ill effects on any of the data, but the Dissolved Oxygen calibrations shown in the headers have incorrect values for SOC and VOffset; they should be 0.4442 and -0.4822, respectively. For details on the processing see processing report: 2012-03-proc.doc. *CALIBRATION $TABLE: CORRECTED CHANNELS ! Name Units Fmla Pad Coefficients ! ---------------- -------- ---- ------ ------------ Pressure dbars 10 -99 () (1.2 1) Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 10 -99 () (0.4E-02 1) $END !--1--- ---2---- ---3--- ---4---- --5--- --6-- -7-- !Pressu Temperat Fluores Salinity Oxygen Oxyge Numb !re ure: cence: :T1:C1 : n: er_o ! Secondar URU: Dissol Disso ~bin ! y Wetlabs ved: lved: _rec ! SBE SBE ords !------ -------- ------- -------- ------ ----- ---- *END OF HEADER 4.4 6.9941 1.608 30.8369 6.71 292.6 8 4.8 6.9943 1.570 30.8377 6.73 293.2 21 5.9 6.9936 1.601 30.8346 6.74 294.0 38 7.2 7.0127 1.665 30.9257 6.68 291.3 19 8.0 7.0335 1.750 30.9727 6.61 288.3 42 9.0 7.0576 1.749 31.0266 6.55 285.6 26 10.0 7.0824 1.742 31.0804 6.49 282.7 25 11.0 7.0894 1.714 31.1050 6.44 280.8 23 12.0 7.0989 1.654 31.1169 6.41 279.1 23 13.0 7.1067 1.626 31.1246 6.38 278.1 27 14.0 7.1166 1.640 31.1296 6.38 278.0 33 15.0 7.1301 1.598 31.1405 6.36 277.1 30 16.0 7.1436 1.535 31.1595 6.32 275.5 25 17.0 7.1480 1.479 31.1829 6.30 274.5 24 18.0 7.1386 1.427 31.1864 6.29 274.1 20 19.0 7.1577 1.413 31.2074 6.26 272.6 19 20.0 7.1658 1.305 31.2357 6.21 270.6 22 21.0 7.1419 1.182 31.2509 6.18 269.3 20 22.0 7.1364 1.110 31.2607 6.16 268.3 24 23.0 7.1468 1.059 31.2772 6.12 266.7 33 24.0 7.1594 1.046 31.2900 6.07 264.3 31 25.0 7.1771 0.998 31.3126 6.02 262.2 24 26.0 7.2020 0.950 31.3443 5.95 259.3 24 27.0 7.2219 0.930 31.3691 5.86 255.2 26 28.0 7.2492 0.900 31.4063 5.76 251.1 28 29.0 7.2685 0.848 31.4317 5.69 247.9 25 30.0 7.2769 0.804 31.4448 5.64 245.9 21 31.0 7.2818 0.787 31.4542 5.62 244.7 20 32.0 7.2906 0.751 31.4780 5.59 243.6 21 33.0 7.2996 0.721 31.4957 5.55 242.0 22 34.0 7.3123 0.693 31.5197 5.51 239.9 28 35.0 7.3246 0.658 31.5456 5.45 237.7 53 35.9 7.3265 0.621 31.5572 5.43 236.7 33 37.0 7.3320 0.581 31.5776 5.41 235.7 21 38.0 7.3440 0.576 31.5990 5.38 234.3 17 39.0 7.3544 0.567 31.6164 5.35 233.0 16 40.0 7.3739 0.533 31.6386 5.30 231.1 18 41.0 7.3911 0.523 31.6561 5.25 228.8 21 42.0 7.3979 0.511 31.6679 5.21 227.1 29 43.0 7.3997 0.513 31.6738 5.20 226.4 37 44.0 7.3985 0.524 31.6791 5.19 226.0 37 45.0 7.3992 0.510 31.6853 5.18 225.6 34 46.0 7.4090 0.495 31.6961 5.16 224.6 28 47.0 7.4177 0.495 31.7037 5.13 223.4 22 48.0 7.4235 0.471 31.7230 5.11 222.4 22 49.0 7.4107 0.464 31.7358 5.11 222.4 20 50.0 7.4110 0.471 31.7460 5.10 222.3 22 51.0 7.4246 0.465 31.7609 5.07 221.0 24 52.0 7.4270 0.445 31.7763 5.05 220.1 28 53.0 7.4249 0.461 31.7894 5.05 219.8 36 54.0 7.4338 0.447 31.8004 5.01 218.4 36 55.0 7.4456 0.412 31.8105 4.98 216.9 26 56.0 7.4491 0.421 31.8136 4.96 216.2 23 57.0 7.4507 0.414 31.8150 4.96 215.9 23 58.0 7.4556 0.426 31.8270 4.94 215.3 26 59.0 7.4579 0.413 31.8358 4.92 214.5 27 60.0 7.4571 0.419 31.8420 4.92 214.4 25 61.0 7.4590 0.418 31.8515 4.92 214.4 24 62.0 7.4346 0.494 31.8605 5.00 217.8 26 63.0 7.3799 0.629 31.8726 5.19 226.0 26 64.0 7.3577 0.697 31.8823 5.33 232.0 28 65.0 7.3777 0.673 31.9242 5.33 232.2 40 65.9 7.3902 0.671 31.9457 5.29 230.2 34 67.0 7.4024 0.652 31.9793 5.25 228.7 23 68.0 7.4101 0.619 32.0170 5.23 227.7 18 69.0 7.4189 0.634 32.0705 5.18 225.7 20 70.0 7.4432 0.625 32.1316 5.12 223.1 22 71.0 7.4587 0.626 32.1747 5.07 220.7 29 72.0 7.4688 0.625 32.2141 5.01 218.4 33 73.0 7.4722 0.607 32.2207 5.00 217.6 32 74.0 7.4757 0.606 32.2260 4.99 217.1 34 75.0 7.4798 0.585 32.2311 4.98 216.7 30 76.0 7.4831 0.572 32.2352 4.97 216.2 23 77.0 7.4903 0.553 32.2479 4.95 215.6 21 78.0 7.4971 0.569 32.2652 4.93 214.5 21 79.0 7.5085 0.569 32.2966 4.89 212.9 23 80.0 7.5165 0.573 32.3193 4.86 211.4 32 81.0 7.5181 0.562 32.3235 4.84 210.7 32 82.0 7.5182 0.565 32.3253 4.83 210.4 29 83.0 7.5175 0.549 32.3263 4.83 210.4 22 84.0 7.5198 0.522 32.3356 4.82 210.1 20 85.0 7.5201 0.533 32.3427 4.81 209.4 22 86.0 7.5191 0.565 32.3441 4.80 209.0 27 87.0 7.5150 0.551 32.3471 4.77 207.7 40 88.0 7.5062 0.506 32.3787 4.67 203.3 34 89.0 7.5057 0.461 32.4311 4.53 197.2 26 90.0 7.4959 0.384 32.4891 4.37 190.3 27 91.0 7.4729 0.362 32.6385 4.13 179.7 24 92.0 7.4492 0.337 32.8009 3.90 169.8 24 93.0 7.4472 0.344 32.8402 3.79 164.8 26 94.0 7.4406 0.339 32.8784 3.72 161.8 33 95.0 7.4352 0.326 32.9105 3.66 159.5 54 95.9 7.4348 0.326 32.9128 3.65 158.7 42 97.0 7.4335 0.324 32.9240 3.63 158.1 26 98.0 7.4329 0.343 32.9297 3.62 157.5 20 99.0 7.4330 0.339 32.9305 3.61 157.2 23 100.0 7.4324 0.332 32.9368 3.61 157.0 28 101.0 7.4317 0.328 32.9444 3.60 156.5 37 101.8 7.4301 0.334 32.9603 3.58 155.7 17