*2010/10/05 14:32:14.26 *IOS HEADER VERSION 1.8 2007/05/25 2007/05/25 *FILE START TIME : UTC 2010/02/13 10:00:11.000 TIME INCREMENT : 0 0 0 0.416667E-01 0 ! (day hr min sec ms) NUMBER OF RECORDS : 89 DATA DESCRIPTION : CTD FILE TYPE : ASCII CRC : B2D7EABF NUMBER OF CHANNELS : 7 $TABLE: CHANNELS ! No Name Units Minimum Maximum !--- ----------------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- 1 Pressure decibar 1 89 2 Temperature:Secondary 'deg C (ITS90)' 10.1243 10.1478 3 Transmissivity %/metre 49.494 51.076 4 Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 32.4998 32.5085 5 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 6.22 6.32 6 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE umol/kg 271.1 275.4 7 Number_of_bin_records n/a 3 65 $END $TABLE: CHANNEL DETAIL ! No Pad Start Width Format Type Decimal_Places !--- ---- ----- ----- ------ ---- -------------- 1 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 2 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 3 -99 ' ' 6 F ' ' 1 4 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 5 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 2 6 -99 ' ' 6 F ' ' 1 7 ' ' ' ' 5 I I 0 $END $REMARKS This file converted from Sea-Bird file: Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Pro Comments from secondary file: Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Processing\ios\2010-01-0064.ioscln -------------------------------------------------------------------- This file converted from Sea-Bird file: Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Pro $END *ADMINISTRATION MISSION : 2010-01 AGENCY : IOS, Ocean Sciences Division, Sidney, B.C. COUNTRY : Canada PROJECT : Line P SCIENTIST : Robert M. PLATFORM : John P. Tully *LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC AREA : North-East Pacific STATION : LC06 EVENT NUMBER : 64 LATITUDE : 48 36.50000 N ! (deg min) LONGITUDE : 125 53.97000 W ! (deg min) WATER DEPTH : 95 ALTIMETER (M) : 5.64 ! custom item $REMARKS Altimeter value is distance from bottom and is calculated as the median of the deepest 2 metres of data. $END *INSTRUMENT TYPE : Sea-Bird CTD MODEL : SBE-911plus SERIAL NUMBER : 0443 LOCATION : Mid-ship ! custom item $REMARKS SOFTWARE VERSION SEASAVE V 7.18 $END *HISTORY $TABLE: PROGRAMS ! Name Vers Date Time Recs In Recs Out ! -------- ------ ---------- -------- --------- --------- SBE_IOS 3.1 2010/06/15 10:57:47 17389 17389 CLEAN 5.0.2 2010/06/15 11:06:13 17339 17339 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2010/06/15 18:16:40 17339 17339 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2010/06/16 16:22:08 17339 17339 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2010/06/16 16:39:28 17339 17339 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2010/06/16 16:57:02 17339 17339 DELETE 6.3 2010/06/16 17:09:12 17339 1958 CTDEDIT 4.61 2010/06/21 17:47:45 1958 1879 MERGE 3.3 2010/07/16 15:07:49 1879 1879 CALIB 11.7 2010/07/16 15:11:48 1879 1879 FILTERS 4.3 2010/07/16 15:20:16 1879 1879 BINAVE 4.1.1 2010/07/16 15:21:37 1879 89 REMOVECH 8.0 2010/07/16 15:21:57 89 89 CHGUNITS 3.0 2010/07/16 15:22:42 89 89 REORDER 1.2.1 2010/07/16 15:22:54 ? ? HDREDIT2 2.5.1 2010/07/16 15:48:47 ? ? CALIB 11.7 2010/10/01 13:27:42 89 89 HDREDIT2 2.5.1 2010/10/05 14:32:14 ? ? $END $REMARKS -CLEAN functions: 2010/06/15 10:58:43 20 Interpolation by Record Number, in Pressure Set event to last 4 characters of file name -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Fluorescence:Seapoint # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= 24.00 -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Conductivity:Primary # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= -0.50 Salinity was recalculated after shift -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Conductivity:Secondary # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= -0.50 Salinity was recalculated after shift -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= 60.00 -The following DELETE parameters were used: Surface Record Removal: Last Press Min Maximum Surface Pressure (relative): 10.00 Surface Swell Pressure Tolerance: 1.00 Pressure filtered over width: 15 Swells deleted. Warning message if pressure difference of 2.00 Drop rates < 0.30m/s (calculated over 11 points) will be deleted. Drop rate applies in the range 10.00 to 79.26 dbars Sample interval (from FILE section of header) = 0.042 seconds. -CTDEDIT 2010/06/21 17:47:45 79 records were deleted in this editing session. No data values were changed. -The following MERGE parameters were used: 2010/07/16 14:58:29 2010/07/16 14:58:31 2010/07/16 14:58: Merge Channel: Scan_Number [n/a] Merge Scheme Used: Add Secondary to Primary Overlap Scheme Used: Keep Primary Primary Channels to Include: Scan_Number, Pressure, Temperature:Primary, Temperature:Secondary, Conductivity:Primary, Conductivity:Secondary, Transmissivity, Fluorescence:Seapoint, Oxygen:Voltage:SBE, PAR, pH:SBE [pH Units], Salinity:T0:C0, Salinity:T1:C1, Flag Secondary Channels to Include: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE Primary file : Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Processing\ios\2010-01-0064.edt Secondary file: Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Processing\ios\2010-01-0064.ioscln Comments from secondary file: Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Processing\ios\2010-01-0064.ioscln -------------------------------------------------------------------- -CLEAN functions: 2010/07/16 14:54:09 20 Reduce header to sections: FIL HIS Remove Sea-Bird comments from the header. -CALIB parameters: 2010/07/16 15:11:48 Calibration type = Correct Mode: ONLY - calibration specs from Cal File only. Calibration file = Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Processing\doc\2010-01-recal1.ccf Calibrations applied: Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 15 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 10 0.1750000E-01 0.1098100E+01 -The following FILTER parameters were used. Median filter was used. Filter width = 11 The following channel(s) were filtered. Fluorescence:Seapoint -The following BINAVE parameters were used: Bin channel = Pressure Averaging interval = 1.00 Minimum bin value = 0.000 Bin value was used Interpolated values were NOT used for empty bins Channel 'NUMBER_OF_BIN_RECORDS' was added to file. -REMOVECH 2010/07/16 15:21:57 The following CHANNEL(S) were removed: Scan_Number Temperature:Primary [deg C (ITS90)] Conductivity:Primary [S/m] Conductivity:Secondary [S/m] Fluorescence:Seapoint [mg/m^3] Oxygen:Voltage:SBE [volts] PAR [uE/m^2/sec] pH:SBE [pH Units] Salinity:T0:C0 [PSS-78] Flag -CHANGE units: 'Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [mL/L]' changed from mL/L to umol/kg -HEADER EDITS: 2010/07/16 15:48:47 Applied edit header: Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Processing\doc\2009-10-HDR.TXT Channel 1: Pressure [decibar] Units: dbars ==> decibar Channel 5: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [mL/L] Format: F8.3 ==> F7.2 -CALIB parameters: 2010/10/01 13:27:42 Calibration type = Correct Mode: ONLY - calibration specs from Cal File only. Calibration file = Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Processing\doc\2010-01-recal-tr.ccf Calibrations applied: Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 3 Transmissivity %/metre 10 0.0000000E+00 0.2260000E+01 -HEADER EDITS: 2010/10/05 14:32:14 Applied edit header: Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Processing\doc\2010-01-HDR2.TXT Channel 3: Transmissivity [%/metre] Format: F7.2 ==> F6.1 $END *COMMENTS SBE HEADER Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File: FileName = C:\Data\2010-01\2010-01-0064.hex Software Version Seasave V 7.18 Temperature SN = 4752 Conductivity SN = 2173 Number of Bytes Per Scan = 40 Number of Voltage Words = 5 Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1 System UpLoad Time = Feb 13 2010 10:02:51 NMEA Latitude = 48 36.50 N NMEA Longitude = 125 53.97 W NMEA UTC (Time) = Feb 13 2010 10:00:11 Store Lat/Lon Data = Append to Every Scan Tully 2010-01 Station: LC06 Depth: 95 # nquan = 18 # nvalues = 17389 # units = specified # name 0 = scan: Scan Count # name 1 = prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz [db] # name 2 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C] # name 3 = t190C: Temperature, 2 [ITS-90, deg C] # name 4 = c0S/m: Conductivity [S/m] # name 5 = c1S/m: Conductivity, 2 [S/m] # name 6 = xmiss: Beam Transmission, Chelsea/Seatech/Wetlab CStar [%] # name 7 = flSP: Fluorescence, Seapoint # name 8 = sbeox0V: Oxygen Voltage, SBE 43 # name 9 = par: PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor # name 10 = ph: pH # name 11 = altM: Altimeter [m] # name 12 = dz/dtM: Descent Rate [m/s] # name 13 = pumps: Pump Status # name 14 = sal00: Salinity, Practical [PSU] # name 15 = sal11: Salinity, Practical, 2 [PSU] # name 16 = sbeox0ML/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 [ml/l] # name 17 = flag: # span 0 = 1, 17389 # span 1 = 0.419, 89.258 # span 2 = 10.1247, 10.1535 # span 3 = 10.1240, 10.1526 # span 4 = 3.558757, 3.578981 # span 5 = 3.569752, 3.579514 # span 6 = 27.0165, 69.0022 # span 7 = 0.0000e+00, 3.9121e+00 # span 8 = 2.6217, 2.7072 # span 9 = 1.0000e-12, 1.0000e-12 # span 10 = -3.167, -3.166 # span 11 = 0.00, 98.88 # span 12 = -2.212, 2.522 # span 13 = 0, 1 # span 14 = 32.3143, 32.5029 # span 15 = 32.4265, 32.5093 # span 16 = 5.06208, 5.27679 # span 17 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00 # interval = seconds: 0.0416667 # start_time = Feb 13 2010 10:00:11 # bad_flag = -9.990e-29 # # # # # # 4752 # 06-mar-07 # 1 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.000 # 4.35918561e-003 # 6.36778987e-004 # 2.08949224e-005 # 1.77207208e-006 # 1000.000 # 1.00000000 # 0.0000 # # # # # # 2173 # 07-may-08 # 1 # # 0.0000 # 2000.0000 # # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.0 # -9.57000000e-008 # # # -1.06098031e+001 # 1.45381747e+000 # -2.52500312e-003 # 2.46549485e-004 # -9.57000000e-008 # 3.2500e-006 # # 1.00000000 # 0.00000 # # # # # # 63507 # 11-Dec-09 # -4.435468e+004 # -1.845750e-001 # 1.192740e-002 # 3.979900e-002 # 0.000000e+000 # 2.993572e+001 # -3.336200e-004 # 3.759160e-006 # 1.565300e-009 # 0.99989000 # 6.52380 # 0.000000e+000 # 1.283280e-002 # -9.295010e+000 # # # # # # 2968 # 22-Aug-07 # 1 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.000 # 4.30513771e-003 # 6.39409837e-004 # 2.16871714e-005 # 1.92072744e-006 # 1000.000 # 1.00000000 # 0.0000 # # # # # # 2399 # 13-jun-08 # 1 # # 0.0000 # 2000.0000 # # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.00000000e+000 # 0.0 # -9.57000000e-008 # # # -1.08340397e+001 # 1.61622754e+000 # 9.25453530e-004 # 3.32201899e-005 # -9.57000000e-008 # 3.2500e-006 # # 1.00000000 # 0.00000 # # # # # # 1005dr # 5-Mar-08 # 20.0620 # -1.1536 # 0.250 # # # # # # 1483 # 03-feb-09 # 1 # # # 0.0000 # 0.0000e+000 # 0.0000 # 0.00e+000 # 0.0000 # 0.0 # # # # 0.4100 # -0.5055 # -1.9487e-003 # 1.7439e-004 # -2.8684e-006 # 2.5826e+000 # 1.9263e-004 # -4.6480e-002 # 3.5500e-002 # 1.0700 #

-3.3000e-002

#

5.0000e+003

#

1.4500e+003

# # # # # # # 2229 # # # 1 # 0.000 # # # # # # # # # 1252 # # 15.000 # 0.000 # # # # # # # # # 4656 # 29/01/2009 # 1.00000000 # 0.00000000 # 1481481481.48000000 # 1.00000000 # -0.97100000 # # # # # # 0692 # 06-feb-09 # 4.4249 # 2.5287 # # # # # # # # # # # 0.00000000 # 0.00000000 # # # # datcnv_date = Jun 14 2010 15:38:47, 7.20c # datcnv_in = Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\raw\CTD\2010-01-0064.hex Q:\Crui se_Data_Processing\2010-01\Processing\doc\2010-01-ctd2.con # datcnv_skipover = 0 # datcnv_ox_hysteresis_correction = yes # wildedit_date = Jun 14 2010 17:07:47, 7.20c # wildedit_in = Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Processing\convert\2010-01-006 4.cnv # wildedit_pass1_nstd = 2.0 # wildedit_pass2_nstd = 5.0 # wildedit_pass2_mindelta = 0.000e+000 # wildedit_npoint = 50 # wildedit_vars = prDM t090C t190C c0S/m c1S/m dz/dtM # wildedit_excl_bad_scans = yes # wildedit_date = Jun 14 2010 17:13:12, 7.20c # wildedit_in = Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Processing\wildedit\2010-01-00 64.cnv # wildedit_pass1_nstd = 2.0 # wildedit_pass2_nstd = 5.0 # wildedit_pass2_mindelta = 2.000e-002 # wildedit_npoint = 50 # wildedit_vars = xmiss flSP sbeox0V par ph # wildedit_excl_bad_scans = yes # Derive_date = Jun 15 2010 10:36:49, 7.20c # Derive_in = Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Processing\wildedit\2010-01-0064 .cnv Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Processing\doc\2010-01-ctd.con # derive_time_window_docdt = seconds: 2 # derive_ox_tau_correction = yes # strip_date = Jun 15 2010 10:48:02, 7.20c # strip_in = Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2010-01\Processing\derive\2010-01-0064.cn v # file_type = ascii END* The descent rate of the CTD was very noisy, with many complete reversals of direction. CTDEDIT was used to remove records corrupted by shed wakes; salinity was cleaned. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Transmissivity and PAR data are nominal and unedited except that some records were removed in editing temperature and salinity. Fluorescence data were removed because of severe problems with spikes and higher than usual values at depth suggesting problems with the cable. The data may be obtained from the chief scientist. The precision of the SBE dissolved oxygen channel is difficult to estimate because the comparison with bottles was very noisy, but roughly, the DO should be considered: • ±0.15ml/l from 0-100db • ±0.5ml/l from 100-400db (Values tend to be too high) • ±0.2ml/l from 400-600db (Values tend to be slightly high) • ±0.04ml/l from 600-2000db (Values tend to be slightly low) • ±0.01ml/l below 2500db For details on the processing see processing report: 2010-01-proc.doc. ********************************************************************************** Transmissometer #1005DR was calibrated in March 2008, and drifted significantly but steadily until July 2009; then a sudden shift occurred, so that maximum values between September 2009 and July 2010 were very low, ~25%/m. In August 2010 a study was made of transmissivity that led to a decision to apply post-processing corrections to all cruises between March 2008 and June 2010. Transmissivity data from this cruise were corrected by multiplying the original values by correction factor 2.26, which was based on the assumption that deep offshore transmissivity should be about 62%/m. For details on the transmissometer post-processing see: OSD_Data_Archive:\Cruise_Data\DOCUMENTS\Transmissometer 1005DR Corrections.doc These data should still be considered nominal. ********************************************************************************** *CALIBRATION $TABLE: CORRECTED CHANNELS ! Name Units Fmla Pad Coefficients ! ---------------------- --------- ---- ------ ------------ Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 10 -99 () (0.175E-01 1.0981) Transmissivity %/metre 10 -99 () (0 2.26) $END !--1--- ---2---- --3-- ---4---- --5--- --6-- -7-- !Pressu Temperat Trans Salinity Oxygen Oxyge Numb !re ure: missi :T1:C1 : n: er_o ! Secondar vity Dissol Disso ~bin ! y ved: lved: _rec ! SBE SBE ords !------ -------- ----- -------- ------ ----- ---- *END OF HEADER 1.0 10.1408 50.8 32.5006 6.30 274.3 3 2.0 10.1410 50.8 32.4998 6.31 274.8 32 3.0 10.1412 51.1 32.5003 6.31 274.8 43 4.0 10.1413 51.1 32.5004 6.30 274.4 65 5.0 10.1422 51.1 32.4999 6.32 275.4 14 6.0 10.1428 51.1 32.5001 6.32 275.1 14 7.0 10.1427 50.8 32.5002 6.30 274.6 15 8.0 10.1423 51.1 32.5003 6.30 274.2 20 9.0 10.1425 51.1 32.5003 6.30 274.4 48 10.0 10.1425 51.1 32.5003 6.30 274.2 28 11.0 10.1430 51.1 32.5004 6.28 273.5 20 12.0 10.1432 51.1 32.5003 6.28 273.4 20 13.0 10.1434 51.1 32.5005 6.28 273.5 28 14.0 10.1426 51.1 32.5003 6.29 274.1 20 15.0 10.1427 50.8 32.5002 6.29 274.1 24 16.0 10.1431 51.1 32.5000 6.29 273.9 15 17.0 10.1434 51.1 32.5000 6.27 273.3 15 18.0 10.1434 51.1 32.5001 6.27 272.9 16 19.0 10.1433 50.8 32.5000 6.27 273.0 18 20.0 10.1434 51.1 32.5002 6.27 273.1 19 21.0 10.1435 50.8 32.5003 6.29 273.9 20 22.0 10.1435 51.1 32.5004 6.28 273.6 35 23.0 10.1439 51.1 32.5003 6.29 274.0 26 24.0 10.1444 50.8 32.5002 6.29 274.0 17 25.0 10.1448 50.8 32.5002 6.28 273.4 15 26.0 10.1448 50.8 32.5002 6.26 272.8 13 27.0 10.1447 51.1 32.5000 6.26 272.5 15 28.0 10.1444 50.8 32.5001 6.26 272.7 14 29.0 10.1446 51.1 32.5001 6.27 273.1 16 30.0 10.1445 51.1 32.5001 6.27 273.2 16 31.0 10.1447 50.8 32.5003 6.27 273.1 17 32.0 10.1450 51.1 32.5005 6.28 273.4 18 33.0 10.1453 50.8 32.5004 6.30 274.2 27 34.0 10.1451 51.1 32.5004 6.29 274.1 36 35.0 10.1458 51.1 32.5003 6.28 273.3 23 36.0 10.1462 51.1 32.5004 6.27 273.2 17 37.0 10.1465 50.8 32.5004 6.27 273.0 14 38.0 10.1465 51.1 32.5004 6.27 273.0 13 39.0 10.1468 51.1 32.5004 6.27 273.0 12 40.0 10.1472 50.8 32.5004 6.28 273.4 11 41.0 10.1475 50.8 32.5004 6.29 273.8 12 42.0 10.1469 50.8 32.5008 6.29 274.0 12 43.0 10.1471 50.8 32.5006 6.29 274.0 6 44.0 10.1469 51.1 32.5008 6.29 274.1 32 45.0 10.1473 51.1 32.5006 6.31 274.9 20 46.0 10.1478 51.1 32.5006 6.31 275.0 18 47.0 10.1458 50.8 32.5012 6.31 274.9 15 48.0 10.1417 50.6 32.5029 6.30 274.6 16 49.0 10.1411 50.6 32.5032 6.30 274.4 17 50.0 10.1417 50.6 32.5030 6.30 274.6 18 51.0 10.1419 50.6 32.5030 6.30 274.5 19 52.0 10.1421 50.6 32.5029 6.29 274.0 22 53.0 10.1415 50.6 32.5031 6.29 274.0 24 54.0 10.1391 50.6 32.5042 6.31 274.7 28 55.0 10.1387 50.6 32.5043 6.30 274.6 39 56.0 10.1384 50.6 32.5045 6.30 274.3 39 57.0 10.1384 50.6 32.5046 6.29 274.1 24 58.0 10.1367 50.4 32.5050 6.28 273.6 19 59.0 10.1328 50.4 32.5061 6.29 273.9 21 60.0 10.1347 50.4 32.5058 6.28 273.4 30 61.0 10.1354 50.4 32.5054 6.28 273.6 51 62.0 10.1360 50.4 32.5053 6.28 273.7 23 63.0 10.1382 50.4 32.5046 6.27 273.1 16 64.0 10.1344 50.4 32.5060 6.27 273.0 13 65.0 10.1283 50.2 32.5077 6.26 272.6 12 66.0 10.1276 50.0 32.5080 6.25 272.2 13 67.0 10.1272 50.0 32.5080 6.25 272.1 14 68.0 10.1246 50.0 32.5083 6.25 272.2 11 69.0 10.1247 49.7 32.5084 6.25 272.2 8 70.0 10.1243 49.7 32.5085 6.25 272.4 15 71.0 10.1245 49.7 32.5084 6.26 272.8 12 72.0 10.1249 49.7 32.5084 6.26 272.8 15 73.0 10.1251 49.7 32.5082 6.26 272.8 12 74.0 10.1255 49.7 32.5080 6.26 272.7 10 75.0 10.1257 49.7 32.5082 6.26 272.5 10 76.0 10.1258 49.7 32.5081 6.26 272.5 9 77.0 10.1259 49.7 32.5080 6.26 272.6 11 78.0 10.1253 49.7 32.5084 6.26 272.6 12 79.0 10.1250 49.7 32.5084 6.25 272.1 20 80.0 10.1251 49.7 32.5083 6.25 272.0 21 81.0 10.1260 49.7 32.5080 6.24 272.0 14 82.0 10.1255 49.7 32.5081 6.24 272.0 14 83.0 10.1248 49.7 32.5084 6.25 272.1 19 84.0 10.1249 49.7 32.5084 6.25 272.3 36 85.0 10.1252 49.7 32.5084 6.26 272.4 26 86.0 10.1248 49.5 32.5085 6.25 272.4 43 87.0 10.1252 49.7 32.5085 6.26 272.4 20 88.0 10.1253 49.5 32.5084 6.24 272.0 46 89.0 10.1252 49.5 32.5085 6.22 271.1 32