*2024/03/13 09:44:47.71 *IOS HEADER VERSION 2.0 2016/04/28 2016/06/13 IVF16 *FILE START TIME : UTC 2007/08/03 11:20:05.000 NUMBER OF RECORDS : 79 DATA DESCRIPTION : CTD FILE TYPE : ASCII CRC : 20B77348 NUMBER OF CHANNELS : 14 $TABLE: CHANNELS ! No Name Units Minimum Maximum !--- ----------------------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- 1 Pressure decibar 0.5 39.5 2 Depth metres 0.495 39.218 3 Temperature:Primary 'deg C (ITS90)' -1.4392 7.2871 4 Conductivity:Primary S/m 2.53133 2.640701 5 Salinity:T0:C0 PSS-78 24.0557 32.5748 6 Fluorescence:URU:Seapoint mg/m^3 0.74E-01 1.196 7 Transmissivity %/metre 6.6 93.6 8 Nitrate_plus_Nitrite:ISUS volts 0.348 0.79 9 Turbidity:Seapoint FTU 3.778 9.291 10 PAR umol/m^2/sec 0.413 16.86 11 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 6.778 9.204 12 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE umol/kg 294.97 400.88 13 Oxygen:Dissolved:Saturation % 79.77 118.57 14 Number_of_bin_records n/a 4 28 $END $TABLE: CHANNEL DETAIL ! No Pad Start Width Format Type Decimal_Places !--- ---- ----- ----- ------ ---- -------------- 1 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 2 -99 ' ' 7 F R4 1 3 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 4 -99 ' ' 10 F ' ' 5 5 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 6 -99 ' ' 8 F ' ' 3 7 -99 ' ' 6 F ' ' 1 8 -99 ' ' 6 F ' ' 1 9 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 10 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 11 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 2 12 -99 ' ' 6 F ' ' 1 13 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 14 -99 ' ' 5 I I 0 $END $REMARKS This file converted from Sea-Bird file: C:\Users\BEDARDJ\Desktop\Data Processing\CTD_2007-071\2007-071\CTD - Preliminary Processing\CNV\ dnahidik_2007_080.cnv $END *ADMINISTRATION MISSION : 2007-071 AGENCY : IOS, Ocean Sciences Division, Sidney, B.C. COUNTRY : Canada PROJECT : Canadian Beaufort Shelf SCIENTIST : Williams W. PLATFORM : Nahidik *LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC AREA : Canadian Beaufort Shelf STATION : H1.2 EVENT NUMBER : 80 LATITUDE : 69 36.78373 N ! (deg min) LONGITUDE : 139 45.41107 W ! (deg min) WATER DEPTH : 40.33 ALTIMETER (M) : 3.02 ! custom item $REMARKS Altimeter value is distance from bottom and is calculated as the median of the deepest 2 metres of data. $END *INSTRUMENT TYPE : Sea-Bird CTD MODEL : SBE-25 SERIAL NUMBER : 0415 $TABLE: SENSORS ! Name Abs Depth Serial No ! ------------------------- -------------- ---------- temperature ' ' 4444 conductivity ' ' 3209 Pressure ' ' 0530 Oxygen:SBE ' ' 1202 Fluorometer ' ' Seapoint seapoint ' ' 11074 transmissometer:primary ' ' CST-1047DR altimeter: ' ' ' ' userpoly ' ' ' ' irradiance:primary ' ' 20273 $END $REMARKS Software Version Seasave V 7.12 $END *HISTORY $TABLE: PROGRAMS ! Name Vers Date Time Recs In Recs Out ! -------- ------ ---------- -------- --------- --------- SBE_IOS 4.3 2024/02/26 15:41:34 79 79 MERGEHDR 1.3 2024/02/28 14:03:10 79 79 CLEAN 5.3 2024/02/29 09:31:12 79 79 DERIVEDQ 3.9.2 2024/02/29 13:35:34 79 79 CLIP 1.4.1 2024/02/29 14:21:07 79 79 CTDEDIT 5.5.1 2024/03/05 11:31:35 79 79 REMOVECH 8.2 2024/03/13 09:42:20 79 79 REORDER 1.3.1 2024/03/13 09:43:16 ? ? HDREDIT2 3.2 2024/03/13 09:44:47 ? ? $END $REMARKS -CLEAN functions: 2024/02/29 09:31:09 20 Reset #RECS, MIN & MAX values in header. Interpolation by Record Number, in Pressure:StrainGauge Change Pad Value to -99 in All Channels. Set event to last 3 characters of file name -The following DERIVEQ parameters were used: 2024/02/29 13:35:34 Reference channel for pressure is: Pressure:StrainGauge Reference channel for temperature is: Temperature:Primary [deg C (ITS90)] Reference channel for conductivity ratio is: Conductivity:Primary [S/m] Reference channel for salinity is: Salinity:T0:C0 [PSS-78] Reference channel for oxygen is: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [umol/kg] Computed properties Derived Properties Ref Press Temp Type Replace ------------------ --------- --------- ------- Depth Insitu n/a YES -The following CLIP parameters were used. Clip by Channel Range Clip Channel: Conductivity:Primary Min,Max = 0.000, 30.000 Time Not Available in File -CTDEDIT v5.5.1 2024/03/05 11:31:35 No data values were changed. -REMOVECH 2024/03/13 09:42:20 The following CHANNEL(S) were removed: Scan_Number Oxygen:Voltage:SBE [volts] Altimeter [metres] Flag -HEADER EDITS: 2024/03/13 09:44:47 Applied edit header: C:\Users\BEDARDJ\Desktop\Data Processing\CTD_2007-071\2007-071-HDR.TXT Channel 1: Pressure [decibar] Name: Pressure:StrainGauge ==> Pressure Format: F10.3 ==> F7.1 Channel 2: Depth [metres] Format: F9.3 ==> F7.1 Pad: -99.9 ==> -99 Channel 4: Conductivity:Primary [S/m] Format: F11.6 ==> F10.5 Channel 8: Nitrate_plus_Nitrite:ISUS [volts] Units: n/a ==> volts Format: F8.3 ==> F6.1 Channel 9: Turbidity:Seapoint [FTU] Format: F8.3 ==> F7.1 Channel 10: PAR [umol/m^2/sec] Format: F11.3 ==> F7.1 Channel 14: Number_of_bin_records [n/a] Format: F5.0 ==> I5 $END *COMMENTS SBE HEADER Sea-Bird SBE 25 Data File: FileName = C:\Documents and Settings\SCIENCE.PAC02389\Desktop\Nahidik 2007\Nah idik_2007_080.hex Software Version Seasave V 7.12 Temperature SN = 4444 Conductivity SN = 3209 System UpLoad Time = Aug 03 2007 11:20:05 Ship: Nahidik Station: H1.2 Operator: pvh # nquan = 17 # nvalues = 79 # units = specified # name 0 = scan: Scan Count # name 1 = prSM: Pressure, Strain Gauge [db] # name 2 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C] # name 3 = c0S/m: Conductivity [S/m] # name 4 = sbeox0V: Oxygen Voltage, SBE 43 # name 5 = flSP: Fluorescence, Seapoint # name 6 = xmiss: Beam Transmission, Chelsea/Seatech/Wetlab CStar [%] # name 7 = upoly0: User Polynomial # name 8 = altM: Altimeter [m] # name 9 = seaTurbMtr: OBS, Seapoint Turbidity [FTU] # name 10 = par: PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor # name 11 = sal00: Salinity [PSU] # name 12 = sbeox0ML/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 [ml/l], WS = 2 # name 13 = sbeox0Mm/Kg: Oxygen, SBE 43 [umol/Kg], WS = 2 # name 14 = sbeox0PS: Oxygen, SBE 43 [% saturation], WS = 2 # name 15 = nbin: number of scans per bin # name 16 = flag: flag # span 0 = 1290, 2008 # span 1 = 0.500, 39.500 # span 2 = -1.4392, 7.2871 # span 3 = 2.531330, 2.640701 # span 4 = 2.8381, 3.9467 # span 5 = 7.3920e-02, 1.1957e+00 # span 6 = 50.7021, 98.3626 # span 7 = 0.3483773, 0.7895498 # span 8 = 1.78, 38.26 # span 9 = 3.778, 9.291 # span 10 = 4.1293e-01, 1.6860e+01 # span 11 = 24.0557, 32.5748 # span 12 = 6.77775, 9.20385 # span 13 = 294.966, 400.885 # span 14 = 79.76547, 118.56697 # span 15 = 4, 28 # span 16 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00 # interval = decibars: 0.5 # start_time = Aug 03 2007 11:20:05 # bad_flag = -9.990e-29 # sensor 0 = Frequency 0 temperature, 4444, 03/14/07 # sensor 1 = Frequency 1 conductivity, 3209, 02/28/07, cpcor = -9.5700e-08 # sensor 2 = Pressure Voltage, 0530, 14 Feb 07, cpcor = -9.5700e-08 # sensor 3 = Extrnl Volt 0 Oxygen, SBE, primary, 1202, 03/21/07 # sensor 4 = Extrnl Volt 1 Fluorometer, Seapoint, primary # sensor 5 = Extrnl Volt 2 seapoint turbidity meter, 11074, 03/23/07 # sensor 6 = Extrnl Volt 3 transmissometer, primary, CST-1047DR, 27 APR 2007 # sensor 7 = Extrnl Volt 4 altimeter # sensor 8 = Extrnl Volt 5 userpoly 0 # sensor 9 = Extrnl Volt 6 irradiance (PAR), primary, 20273, 02/09/07 # datcnv_date = Feb 17 2009 11:46:23, 5.37e # datcnv_in = G:\Cruises\Nahidik_2007-71\DATA_PROCESSING\CTD\raw_data\nahidik_20 07_080.hex G:\Cruises\Nahidik_2007-71\DATA_PROCESSING\CTD\raw_data\nahidik_2007_080.CON # datcnv_skipover = 1295 # wildedit_date = Feb 17 2009 11:47:33, 5.37e # wildedit_in = G:\Cruises\Nahidik_2007-71\DATA_PROCESSING\CTD\cnv\nahidik_2007_ 080.cnv # wildedit_pass1_nstd = 10.0 # wildedit_pass2_nstd = 20.0 # wildedit_pass2_mindelta = 0.000e+000 # wildedit_npoint = 8 # wildedit_vars = prSM t090C c0S/m sbeox0V # wildedit_excl_bad_scans = yes # celltm_date = Feb 17 2009 11:48:17, 5.37e # celltm_in = G:\Cruises\Nahidik_2007-71\DATA_PROCESSING\CTD\cnv\nahidik_2007_08 0.cnv # celltm_alpha = 0.0400, 0.0000 # celltm_tau = 8.0000, 0.0000 # celltm_temp_sensor_use_for_cond = primary, # filter_date = Feb 17 2009 11:49:08, 5.37e # filter_in = G:\Cruises\Nahidik_2007-71\DATA_PROCESSING\CTD\cnv\nahidik_2007_08 0.cnv # filter_low_pass_tc_A = 0.500 # filter_low_pass_tc_B = 0.030 # filter_low_pass_A_vars = prSM # filter_low_pass_B_vars = c0S/m # loopedit_date = Feb 17 2009 11:50:10, 5.37e # loopedit_in = G:\Cruises\Nahidik_2007-71\DATA_PROCESSING\CTD\cnv\nahidik_2007_ 080.cnv # loopedit_minVelocity = 0.000 # loopedit_surfaceSoak: do not remove # loopedit_excl_bad_scans = yes # Derive_date = Feb 17 2009 11:51:02, 5.37e # Derive_in = G:\Cruises\Nahidik_2007-71\DATA_PROCESSING\CTD\cnv\nahidik_2007_08 0.cnv G:\Cruises\Nahidik_2007-71\DATA_PROCESSING\CTD\cnv\nahidik_2007_080.CON # derive_time_window_docdt = seconds: 2 # binavg_date = Feb 17 2009 11:52:04, 5.37e # binavg_in = G:\Cruises\Nahidik_2007-71\DATA_PROCESSING\CTD\cnv\nahidik_2007_08 0.cnv # binavg_bintype = decibars # binavg_binsize = 0.5 # binavg_excl_bad_scans = yes # binavg_skipover = 0 # binavg_surface_bin = no, min = 0.000, max = 0.000, value = 0.000 # split_date = Feb 17 2009 11:53:00, 5.37e # split_in = G:\Cruises\Nahidik_2007-71\DATA_PROCESSING\CTD\bin_cnv\nahidik_2007 _080.cnv # split_excl_bad_scans = yes # file_type = ascii END* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Data Processing Notes: ---------------------- For details on data processing see document: 2007-071_Processing_Report.doc. !--1--- --2--- ---3---- ----4---- ---5---- ---6--- --7-- --8-- --9--- --10-- --11-- --12- --13-- -14- !Pressu Depth Temperat Conductiv Salinity Fluores Trans Nitra Turbid PAR Oxygen Oxyge Oxygen Numb !re ure: ity: :T0:C0 cence: missi te_pl ity: : n: :Disso er_o ! Primary Primary URU: vity us_Ni Seapoi Dissol Disso lved: ~bin ! Seapoin trite nt ved: lved: Satura _rec ! t :ISUS SBE SBE tion ords !------ ------ -------- --------- -------- ------- ----- ----- ------ ------ ------ ----- ------ ---- *END OF HEADER 0.5 0.5 6.3857 2.53932 24.7749 0.704 24.4 0.5 7.6 16.9 8.69 380.8 118.6 4 1.0 1.0 6.7240 2.54138 24.5577 0.828 20.2 0.5 8.1 16.8 8.62 377.8 118.4 11 1.5 1.5 7.0316 2.53440 24.2643 0.764 18.2 0.5 8.1 8.8 8.41 368.5 116.1 6 2.0 2.0 7.2871 2.53165 24.0557 0.782 18.6 0.4 8.2 2.9 8.27 362.6 114.7 5 2.5 2.5 6.7622 2.53972 24.5293 0.839 20.0 0.4 9.3 2.9 8.04 352.1 110.3 14 3.0 3.0 6.6719 2.53993 24.5840 0.732 20.1 0.5 7.5 2.3 7.71 337.8 105.7 6 3.5 3.5 3.5270 2.59038 27.6366 0.896 20.3 0.5 6.7 1.9 8.10 354.0 104.9 6 4.0 4.0 2.2626 2.62282 29.0975 1.196 12.2 0.5 7.0 1.6 8.21 358.2 104.0 7 4.5 4.5 2.2352 2.61916 29.0794 1.139 6.6 0.5 6.3 1.5 8.01 349.5 101.4 6 5.0 5.0 1.0963 2.60732 29.9978 0.771 14.3 0.4 5.2 1.3 8.02 349.7 99.2 5 5.5 5.5 0.9795 2.61954 30.2661 0.424 20.6 0.4 4.3 1.2 7.99 348.2 98.6 5 6.0 6.0 0.9573 2.63405 30.4717 0.481 35.0 0.4 4.2 1.1 7.97 347.6 98.6 5 6.5 6.5 0.9318 2.64070 30.5812 0.540 45.1 0.4 4.1 1.1 7.98 347.7 98.6 4 7.0 7.0 0.6653 2.63030 30.7115 0.541 52.0 0.4 4.3 1.1 8.04 350.4 98.8 4 7.5 7.5 0.2528 2.60063 30.7393 0.564 60.4 0.4 4.1 1.1 8.16 355.8 99.2 5 8.0 8.0 0.0315 2.58382 30.7420 0.543 64.2 0.4 4.2 1.1 8.26 360.1 99.8 5 8.5 8.5 -0.1251 2.57231 30.7485 0.316 69.5 0.4 4.2 1.0 8.37 364.8 100.7 6 9.0 9.0 -0.2926 2.56238 30.7868 0.291 73.3 0.4 4.0 1.1 8.46 368.7 101.4 4 9.5 9.5 -0.4202 2.55547 30.8245 0.334 80.3 0.4 4.3 1.0 8.53 372.0 101.9 5 10.0 9.9 -0.5400 2.55093 30.8861 0.377 84.8 0.3 4.1 1.0 8.60 374.7 102.4 4 10.5 10.4 -0.6145 2.54775 30.9195 0.357 88.6 0.4 4.0 1.0 8.64 376.4 102.7 5 11.0 10.9 -0.6325 2.54662 30.9226 0.364 91.2 0.4 4.3 1.0 8.67 377.8 103.0 4 11.5 11.4 -0.1670 2.57592 30.8363 0.366 92.4 0.4 4.1 1.0 8.58 373.9 103.2 5 12.0 11.9 -0.4848 2.57395 31.1340 0.493 92.3 0.4 4.3 1.0 8.64 376.3 103.2 5 12.5 12.4 -0.4134 2.56652 30.9624 0.322 92.4 0.4 4.0 1.0 8.65 376.8 103.4 5 13.0 12.9 0.0264 2.60120 30.9716 0.212 92.8 0.4 4.1 1.0 8.58 374.0 103.9 5 13.5 13.4 0.3210 2.63163 31.0700 0.195 92.1 0.4 4.1 1.0 8.53 371.7 104.1 4 14.0 13.9 0.3000 2.63495 31.1341 0.205 92.6 0.4 4.0 0.9 8.56 373.0 104.4 4 14.5 14.4 0.2920 2.63662 31.1637 0.245 92.1 0.4 4.2 0.9 8.62 375.4 105.2 6 15.0 14.9 0.0527 2.62551 31.2621 0.180 92.0 0.4 3.8 0.9 8.74 380.8 106.1 5 15.5 15.4 -0.3469 2.60243 31.3684 0.173 92.8 0.4 3.9 0.9 8.89 387.1 106.8 5 16.0 15.9 -0.8504 2.56651 31.4112 0.250 93.1 0.4 4.3 0.9 9.06 394.5 107.4 5 16.5 16.4 -0.9667 2.55869 31.4272 0.213 93.1 0.4 4.0 0.9 9.11 396.7 107.6 5 17.0 16.9 -1.3054 2.53979 31.5264 0.187 93.2 0.4 4.3 0.9 9.19 400.1 107.6 4 17.5 17.4 -1.4010 2.53172 31.5170 0.159 92.7 0.4 4.1 0.9 9.20 400.9 107.6 4 18.0 17.9 -1.4376 2.53133 31.5501 0.121 92.5 0.4 4.0 0.9 9.19 400.2 107.3 6 18.5 18.4 -1.4392 2.53271 31.5703 0.118 92.7 0.4 4.2 0.9 9.16 398.9 106.9 5 19.0 18.9 -1.4228 2.53539 31.5893 0.111 93.0 0.4 3.8 0.9 9.11 397.0 106.5 6 19.5 19.4 -1.3862 2.53964 31.6083 0.129 92.8 0.5 3.9 0.9 9.06 394.7 106.0 5 20.0 19.9 -1.3270 2.54433 31.6095 0.155 93.3 0.5 4.0 0.9 9.01 392.2 105.5 5 20.5 20.4 -1.2915 2.54946 31.6415 0.174 93.6 0.5 3.8 0.9 8.95 390.0 105.1 4 21.0 20.9 -1.3093 2.55058 31.6753 0.139 93.3 0.5 4.1 0.9 8.91 388.2 104.6 5 21.5 21.4 -1.3209 2.55129 31.6970 0.138 93.5 0.4 3.9 0.9 8.88 386.5 104.1 5 22.0 21.9 -1.3441 2.55161 31.7257 0.124 93.5 0.5 4.2 0.9 8.83 384.7 103.6 5 22.5 22.4 -1.3946 2.55121 31.7737 0.104 93.1 0.5 4.2 0.9 8.79 382.9 103.0 6 23.0 22.9 -1.4006 2.55289 31.8028 0.087 93.3 0.5 3.9 0.9 8.74 380.8 102.4 5 23.5 23.3 -1.3900 2.55457 31.8142 0.081 93.1 0.5 4.3 0.9 8.70 378.8 101.9 4 24.0 23.8 -1.3652 2.55882 31.8455 0.084 93.4 0.5 4.1 0.8 8.65 376.5 101.4 5 24.5 24.3 -1.3921 2.56172 31.9138 0.075 93.5 0.5 4.2 0.8 8.60 374.5 100.8 5 25.0 24.8 -1.3628 2.56594 31.9398 0.075 92.6 0.5 4.0 0.7 8.55 372.2 100.3 5 25.5 25.3 -1.3525 2.56946 31.9767 0.074 93.6 0.5 4.3 0.5 8.50 370.0 99.8 5 26.0 25.8 -1.3610 2.57079 32.0036 0.078 93.4 0.5 3.9 0.6 8.47 368.6 99.4 5 26.5 26.3 -1.3503 2.57354 32.0295 0.078 93.3 0.6 4.3 0.4 8.43 366.9 99.0 5 27.0 26.8 -1.3174 2.58236 32.1145 0.100 93.4 0.6 4.3 0.4 8.39 365.1 98.6 6 27.5 27.3 -1.3310 2.59087 32.2452 0.192 92.6 0.6 4.1 0.5 8.34 362.9 98.1 6 28.0 27.8 -1.3595 2.59476 32.3289 0.136 93.3 0.7 4.3 0.5 8.28 360.5 97.4 5 28.5 28.3 -1.3637 2.59535 32.3412 0.112 93.0 0.7 4.3 0.5 8.22 357.9 96.7 6 29.0 28.8 -1.3686 2.59623 32.3584 0.117 92.8 0.7 4.3 0.5 8.15 354.8 95.9 5 29.5 29.3 -1.3702 2.59672 32.3664 0.115 92.3 0.7 4.3 0.6 8.08 351.7 95.1 5 30.0 29.8 -1.3702 2.59698 32.3698 0.128 91.5 0.7 4.3 0.6 8.00 348.2 94.1 5 30.5 30.3 -1.3717 2.59713 32.3731 0.119 90.2 0.8 4.4 0.6 7.92 344.7 93.2 5 31.0 30.8 -1.3730 2.59736 32.3774 0.113 88.1 0.8 4.4 0.6 7.83 340.7 92.1 5 31.5 31.3 -1.3727 2.59788 32.3839 0.125 87.7 0.8 4.3 0.7 7.74 337.0 91.1 6 32.0 31.8 -1.3721 2.59869 32.3940 0.126 87.3 0.8 4.4 0.7 7.66 333.3 90.1 6 32.5 32.3 -1.3729 2.59940 32.4043 0.133 86.8 0.8 4.3 0.7 7.59 330.3 89.3 5 33.0 32.8 -1.3741 2.59976 32.4103 0.130 86.5 0.8 4.4 0.7 7.53 327.7 88.6 5 33.5 33.3 -1.3730 2.59993 32.4111 0.140 82.8 0.8 4.3 0.7 7.39 321.6 87.0 10 34.0 33.8 -1.3723 2.60014 32.4129 0.149 81.7 0.7 4.4 0.7 7.32 318.8 86.2 5 34.5 34.3 -1.3692 2.60068 32.4166 0.136 81.3 0.7 4.4 0.7 7.29 317.4 85.8 5 35.0 34.8 -1.3696 2.60128 32.4250 0.150 81.2 0.8 4.3 0.7 7.26 316.2 85.5 5 35.5 35.3 -1.3750 2.60271 32.4503 0.160 81.1 0.8 4.4 0.7 7.24 314.9 85.2 5 36.0 35.7 -1.3845 2.60485 32.4895 0.201 76.7 0.8 4.4 0.9 7.14 310.6 84.0 9 36.5 36.2 -1.3925 2.60620 32.5165 0.215 73.3 0.8 4.4 0.6 7.06 307.4 83.1 7 37.0 36.7 -1.3991 2.60728 32.5381 0.206 73.6 0.8 4.6 0.6 7.04 306.5 82.9 6 37.5 37.2 -1.4015 2.60795 32.5496 0.221 72.1 0.8 4.5 0.7 7.02 305.5 82.6 7 38.0 37.7 -1.4052 2.60860 32.5624 0.232 69.0 0.8 4.8 0.8 6.96 302.9 81.9 6 38.5 38.2 -1.4076 2.60910 32.5716 0.282 67.3 0.8 4.8 0.8 6.86 298.6 80.7 22 39.0 38.7 -1.4072 2.60881 32.5669 0.238 67.3 0.8 4.7 0.7 6.80 295.9 80.0 7 39.5 39.2 -1.4095 2.60923 32.5748 0.254 66.6 0.8 4.8 0.8 6.78 295.0 79.8 28