*2007/11/29 17:08:35.75 *IOS HEADER VERSION 1.8 2007/05/25 2007/05/25 *FILE START TIME : UTC 2007/09/15 07:30:09.000 TIME INCREMENT : 0 0 0 0.416667E-01 0 ! (day hr min sec ms) NUMBER OF RECORDS : 137 DATA DESCRIPTION : CTD FILE TYPE : ASCII CRC : 9B6250C NUMBER OF CHANNELS : 8 $TABLE: CHANNELS ! No Name Units Minimum Maximum !--- --------------------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- 1 Pressure decibar 2.36 137.63 2 Temperature:Secondary 'deg C (ITS90)' 6.5902 14.3158 3 Transmissivity %/metre 32.5 51.5 4 Fluorescence:URU:Seapoint mg/m^3 0.122 3.146 5 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 1.604 5.772 6 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE umol/kg 69.74896 251.7976 7 Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 31.4171 33.9422 8 Number_of_bin_records n/a 9 55 $END $TABLE: CHANNEL DETAIL ! No Pad Start Width Format Type Decimal_Places !--- ---- ----- ----- ------ ---- -------------- 1 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 2 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 3 -99 ' ' 6 F ' ' 1 4 -99 ' ' 8 F ' ' 3 5 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 2 6 -99 ' ' 6 F ' ' 1 7 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 8 ' ' ' ' 5 I I 0 $END $REMARKS This file converted from Sea-Bird file: Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2007-62\pro $END *ADMINISTRATION MISSION : 2007-62 AGENCY : IOS, Ocean Sciences Division, Sidney, B.C. COUNTRY : Canada PROJECT : Aquaculture/ Effingham/LaPerouse/Juan de Fuca SCIENTIST : Juhasz T. PLATFORM : John P. Tully *LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC AREA : WCVI/Knight Inlet/Effingham/JdeF STATION : LG04 EVENT NUMBER : 14 LATITUDE : 49 11.31000 N ! (deg min) LONGITUDE : 126 49.34000 W ! (deg min) ALTIMETER (M) : 9.23 ! custom item $REMARKS Altimeter value is distance from bottom and is calculated as the median of the deepest 2 metres of data. $END *INSTRUMENT TYPE : Sea-Bird CTD MODEL : SBE-911plus SERIAL NUMBER : 0443 $TABLE: SENSORS ! Name Abs Depth Serial No ! ------------------------- -------------- ---------- temperature:primary ' ' 2106 conductivity:primary ' ' 2424 pressure ' ' 63507 temperature:secondary ' ' 4752 conductivity:secondary ' ' 1763 Fluorometer ' ' Seapoint transmissometer:primary ' ' 953DR Oxygen:SBE ' ' 1119 altimeter: ' ' ' ' $END $REMARKS SOFTWARE VERSION SEASAVE V 7.12 $END *HISTORY $TABLE: PROGRAMS ! Name Vers Date Time Recs In Recs Out ! -------- ------ ---------- -------- --------- --------- SBE_IOS 3.0 2007/11/25 13:46:33 11547 11547 CLEAN 5.0.2 2007/11/25 13:58:39 11547 11547 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2007/11/25 16:36:12 11547 11547 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2007/11/25 16:46:03 11547 11547 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2007/11/25 16:55:54 11547 11547 SHIFTDAT 3.4 2007/11/25 17:05:34 11547 11547 DELETE 6.3 2007/11/25 17:13:04 11547 3666 CTDEDIT 4.61 2007/11/27 17:10:12 3666 3523 CALIB 11.7 2007/11/29 14:10:47 3523 3523 FILTERS 4.3 2007/11/29 14:14:06 3523 3523 BINAVE 4.1.1 2007/11/29 14:15:33 3523 137 CALIB 11.7 2007/11/29 16:45:35 137 137 REMOVECH 8.0 2007/11/29 16:50:36 137 137 CHGUNITS 3.0 2007/11/29 16:50:48 137 137 REORDER 1.2.1 2007/11/29 16:51:03 ? ? HDREDIT2 2.5.1 2007/11/29 17:08:35 ? ? $END $REMARKS -CLEAN functions: 2007/11/25 13:52:04 20 Interpolation by Channel 1: Scan_Number [n/a] in Pressure Change Pad Value to -99 in Channel: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [mL/L] -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift=110.00 -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Fluorescence:Seapoint # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= 24.00 -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Conductivity:Primary # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= -0.50 Salinity was recalculated after shift -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Conductivity:Secondary # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= 0.20 Salinity was recalculated after shift -The following DELETE parameters were used: Surface Record Removal: Last Press Min Maximum Surface Pressure (relative): 10.00 Surface Swell Pressure Tolerance: 1.00 Pressure filtered over width: 15 Swells deleted. Warning message if pressure difference of 2.00 Drop rates < 0.30m/s (calculated over 11 points) will be deleted. Drop rate applies in the range 10.00 to 127.20 dbars Sample interval (from FILE section of header) = 0.042 seconds. -CTDEDIT 2007/11/27 17:10:12 143 records were deleted in this editing session. 30 changes in channel Salinity:T1:C1 -CALIB parameters: 2007/11/29 14:10:47 Calibration type = Correct Mode: ONLY - calibration specs from Cal File only. Calibration file = Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2007-62\Processing\doc\2007-62-recal1.ccf Calibrations applied: Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 2 Pressure dbars 10 0.6000000E+00 0.1000000E+01 10 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 10 -0.6600000E-02 0.1047600E+01 15 Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 10 -0.3000000E-02 0.1000000E+01 -The following FILTER parameters were used. Median filter was used. Filter width = 11 The following channel(s) were filtered. Fluorescence:Seapoint -The following BINAVE parameters were used: Bin channel = Pressure Averaging interval = 1.00 Minimum bin value = 0.000 Average value was used Interpolated values were NOT used for empty bins Channel 'NUMBER_OF_BIN_RECORDS' was added to file. -CALIB parameters: 2007/11/29 16:45:35 Calibration type = Correct Mode: ONLY - calibration specs from Cal File only. Calibration file = Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2007-62\Processing\doc\2007-62-recal2.ccf Calibrations applied: Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 10 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 10 -0.1239000E+00 0.9630000E+00 -REMOVECH 2007/11/29 16:50:36 10 channels removed. -CHANGE units: 'Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE' changed from mL/L to umol/kg -HEADER EDITS: 2007/11/29 17:08:35 Applied edit header: Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2007-62\Processing\doc\2007-62-HDR.TXT Channel 1: Pressure [decibar] Units: dbars ==> decibar Format: F10.3 ==> F7.1 Channel 4: Fluorescence:URU:Seapoint [mg/m^3] Name: Fluorescence:Seapoint ==> Fluorescence:URU:Seapoint Channel 5: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [mL/L] Format: F8.3 ==> F7.2 $END *COMMENTS SBE HEADER Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File: FileName = C:\Data\2007-62\2007-62-0014.hex Software Version Seasave V 7.12 Temperature SN = 2106 Conductivity SN = 2424 Number of Bytes Per Scan = 34 Number of Voltage Words = 3 Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1 System UpLoad Time = Sep 15 2007 07:30:26 NMEA Latitude = 49 11.31 N NMEA Longitude = 126 49.34 W NMEA UTC (Time) = Sep 15 2007 07:30:09 Store Lat/Lon Data = Append to Every Scan Ship: Tully Cruise: 2007-62 Station: LG04 Latitude: Longitude: Depth (m): 145m # nquan = 16 # nvalues = 11547 # units = specified # name 0 = scan: Scan Count # name 1 = prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz [db] # name 2 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C] # name 3 = t190C: Temperature, 2 [ITS-90, deg C] # name 4 = c0S/m: Conductivity [S/m] # name 5 = c1S/m: Conductivity, 2 [S/m] # name 6 = xmiss: Beam Transmission, Chelsea/Seatech/Wetlab CStar [%] # name 7 = flSP: Fluorescence, Seapoint # name 8 = sbeox0V: Oxygen Voltage, SBE 43 # name 9 = sbeox0ML/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 [ml/l] # name 10 = pumps: Pump Status # name 11 = altM: Altimeter [m] # name 12 = dz/dtM: Descent Rate [m/s] # name 13 = sal00: Salinity [PSU] # name 14 = sal11: Salinity, 2 [PSU] # name 15 = flag: flag # span 0 = 1, 11547 # span 1 = 0.549, 137.204 # span 2 = 6.5899, 14.3588 # span 3 = 6.5894, 14.3609 # span 4 = 3.360245, 3.838717 # span 5 = 3.359726, 3.838479 # span 6 = 66.4646, 84.7874 # span 7 = 1.1722e-01, 4.9158e+00 # span 8 = 1.1343, 3.0659 # span 9 = 1.70726, 5.88171 # span 10 = 0, 1 # span 11 = 0.00, 100.00 # span 12 = -1.449, 1.468 # span 13 = 31.3199, 33.9508 # span 14 = 31.2786, 33.9472 # span 15 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00 # interval = seconds: 0.0416667 # start_time = Sep 15 2007 07:30:26 # bad_flag = -9.990e-29 # sensor 0 = Frequency 0 temperature, primary, 2106, 25-Apr-07 # sensor 1 = Frequency 1 conductivity, primary, 2424, 25-Apr-07, cpcor = -9.57 00e-08 # sensor 2 = Frequency 2 pressure, 63507, 25-Oct-04 # sensor 3 = Frequency 3 temperature, secondary, 4752, 06-Mar-07 # sensor 4 = Frequency 4 conductivity, secondary, 1763, 23-Dec-06, cpcor = -9. 5700e-08 # sensor 5 = Extrnl Volt 0 Fluorometer, Seapoint, primary # sensor 6 = Extrnl Volt 2 transmissometer, primary, 953DR, 23-Apr-07 # sensor 7 = Extrnl Volt 3 Oxygen, SBE, primary, 1119, 10-Nov-06 # sensor 8 = Extrnl Volt 4 altimeter # datcnv_date = Nov 23 2007 15:34:49, 7.12 # datcnv_in = Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2007-62\RAW\CTD\2007-62-0014.hex Q:\Crui se_Data_Processing\2007-62\Processing\doc\2007-62-ctd.con # datcnv_skipover = 0 # wildedit_date = Nov 23 2007 16:29:02, 7.12 # wildedit_in = Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2007-62\Processing\convert\2007-62-001 4.cnv # wildedit_pass1_nstd = 2.0 # wildedit_pass2_nstd = 20.0 # wildedit_pass2_mindelta = 0.000e+000 # wildedit_npoint = 100 # wildedit_vars = prDM t090C t190C c0S/m c1S/m # wildedit_excl_bad_scans = yes # celltm_date = Nov 23 2007 17:32:36, 7.12 # celltm_in = Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2007-62\Processing\wildedit\2007-62-0014 .cnv # celltm_alpha = 0.0200, 0.0300 # celltm_tau = 7.0000, 7.0000 # celltm_temp_sensor_use_for_cond = primary, secondary # Derive_date = Nov 23 2007 17:35:21, 7.12 # Derive_in = Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2007-62\Processing\celltm\2007-62-0014.c nv Q:\Cruise_Data_Processing\2007-46\Processing\doc\2007-46-ctd.CON # file_type = ascii END* CTDEDIT was used to remove surface records to 1.6db and records aournd 135 and137db; salinity was cleaned lightly. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Transmissivity and fluorescence are nominal and unedited except that some records were removed in editing temperature and salinity. The dissolved oxygen data in the CTD files should be considered • ±0.6ml/l from 0 –75db (except around 10db where values tend to be high.) • ±0.3ml/l from 75 to 300db • ±0.1ml/l below 300. • data below 500db tend to be low. • data below 1000db are considered unreliable by the manufacturer. *CALIBRATION $TABLE: CORRECTED CHANNELS ! Name Units Fmla Pad Coefficients ! ---------------------- -------- ---- ------ ------------ Pressure dbars 10 -99 () (0.6 1) Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 10 -99 () (-0.66E-02 1.0476) Salinity:T1:C1 PSS-78 10 -99 () (-0.3E-02 1) Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 10 -99 () (-0.1239 0.963) $END !--1--- ---2---- --3-- ---4--- --5--- --6-- ---7---- -8-- !Pressu Temperat Trans Fluores Oxygen Oxyge Salinity Numb !re ure: missi cence: : n: :T1:C1 er_o ! Secondar vity URU: Dissol Disso ~bin ! y Seapoin ved: lved: _rec ! t SBE SBE ords !------ -------- ----- ------- ------ ----- -------- ---- *END OF HEADER 2.4 14.3156 33.2 3.128 5.77 251.8 31.4172 9 3.0 14.3158 32.5 3.146 5.76 251.4 31.4171 36 4.0 14.3053 32.7 3.121 5.75 251.0 31.4205 35 5.0 14.3048 32.7 3.088 5.75 250.8 31.4196 29 6.0 14.2923 33.4 3.013 5.75 250.9 31.4224 39 7.0 14.2746 33.3 2.908 5.70 248.7 31.4277 55 8.0 14.2771 34.1 2.883 5.61 244.6 31.4272 34 9.0 14.1085 35.9 2.633 5.51 240.5 31.4532 27 10.0 13.9837 37.5 2.399 5.30 231.4 31.4767 24 11.0 14.0200 36.4 2.297 5.13 223.6 31.4722 24 12.0 13.2455 40.9 1.689 4.98 217.1 31.6032 30 13.0 12.3771 44.1 1.230 4.78 208.4 31.7150 39 14.0 11.9181 45.3 1.039 4.59 200.3 31.7352 37 15.0 11.4420 45.8 0.977 4.52 196.9 31.7867 32 16.0 11.1215 46.2 0.933 4.50 196.1 31.8634 27 17.0 11.0290 46.5 0.906 4.50 196.2 31.9257 26 18.0 11.0065 46.7 0.873 4.46 194.3 31.9410 27 19.0 10.8748 46.8 0.828 4.38 190.7 31.9896 28 20.0 10.5941 47.1 0.775 4.29 186.8 32.0438 27 21.0 10.0492 47.6 0.683 4.21 183.5 32.1387 24 22.0 9.5691 48.5 0.560 4.16 181.2 32.2242 25 23.0 9.3288 48.8 0.476 4.13 180.1 32.2670 28 24.0 9.2394 49.2 0.413 4.10 178.8 32.2891 30 25.0 9.1688 49.6 0.368 4.07 177.5 32.3115 27 26.0 9.0970 49.8 0.331 4.05 176.6 32.3296 27 27.0 8.9824 49.9 0.302 4.03 175.6 32.3604 31 28.0 8.9408 50.0 0.270 3.95 172.0 32.3713 33 29.0 8.8599 50.1 0.256 3.87 168.7 32.3957 31 30.0 8.6735 50.2 0.223 3.90 169.7 32.4426 26 31.0 8.5645 50.2 0.207 3.95 172.2 32.4695 21 32.0 8.5294 50.2 0.200 4.00 174.4 32.4794 20 33.0 8.4711 50.4 0.196 4.07 177.1 32.4944 20 34.0 8.4015 50.6 0.190 4.14 180.0 32.5124 19 35.0 8.3083 50.7 0.190 4.18 181.8 32.5351 21 36.0 8.1977 50.8 0.185 4.21 183.4 32.5513 25 37.0 8.1259 50.8 0.178 4.29 186.7 32.5717 34 38.0 7.9930 50.7 0.168 4.39 191.3 32.6144 48 38.9 7.8091 50.7 0.161 4.49 195.4 32.6383 31 40.0 7.6580 50.8 0.157 4.55 198.0 32.6785 22 41.0 7.5631 51.0 0.159 4.58 199.2 32.7032 18 42.0 7.5132 51.2 0.154 4.59 200.0 32.7144 17 43.0 7.4778 51.2 0.156 4.61 200.8 32.7245 16 44.0 7.4632 51.2 0.155 4.62 201.3 32.7412 18 45.0 7.4122 51.3 0.156 4.63 201.5 32.7592 23 46.0 7.3454 51.3 0.147 4.63 201.6 32.7958 34 47.0 7.3275 51.2 0.144 4.63 201.4 32.8160 36 48.0 7.3109 51.3 0.154 4.62 201.3 32.8337 27 49.0 7.3011 51.3 0.142 4.62 201.2 32.8424 25 50.0 7.2927 51.3 0.139 4.62 200.9 32.8490 30 51.0 7.2906 51.3 0.142 4.60 200.3 32.8543 28 52.0 7.2921 51.4 0.139 4.58 199.4 32.8596 22 53.0 7.2888 51.4 0.137 4.56 198.6 32.8728 19 54.0 7.2795 51.5 0.139 4.53 197.4 32.8846 18 55.0 7.2760 51.5 0.141 4.50 195.8 32.8928 19 56.0 7.2776 51.5 0.138 4.46 194.2 32.9169 20 57.0 7.2828 51.3 0.138 4.43 192.7 32.9474 21 58.0 7.2867 51.3 0.136 4.39 191.2 32.9725 27 59.0 7.2880 51.3 0.135 4.36 189.6 32.9908 36 60.0 7.2904 51.3 0.135 4.31 187.7 33.0019 39 61.0 7.2934 51.2 0.136 4.26 185.5 33.0135 26 62.0 7.2912 51.2 0.130 4.21 183.3 33.0279 21 63.0 7.2886 51.2 0.133 4.16 180.8 33.0485 18 64.0 7.2775 51.1 0.136 4.10 178.5 33.0820 18 65.0 7.2698 51.0 0.129 4.06 176.5 33.1055 19 66.0 7.2285 50.9 0.128 4.01 174.4 33.1970 24 67.0 7.2140 50.9 0.130 3.96 172.4 33.2231 31 68.0 7.2024 50.9 0.127 3.92 170.4 33.2443 28 69.0 7.1985 50.9 0.129 3.88 168.8 33.2508 22 70.0 7.1837 50.9 0.130 3.85 167.4 33.2748 20 71.0 7.1750 50.9 0.131 3.82 166.0 33.2880 19 72.0 7.1624 50.9 0.130 3.78 164.6 33.3101 26 73.0 7.1497 50.9 0.127 3.74 162.6 33.3425 34 74.0 7.1441 50.9 0.131 3.68 160.3 33.3601 34 75.0 7.1384 50.9 0.132 3.62 157.3 33.3792 23 76.0 7.1351 50.9 0.133 3.55 154.2 33.3898 20 77.0 7.1159 50.8 0.127 3.48 151.4 33.4157 18 78.0 7.0852 50.7 0.127 3.42 148.6 33.4494 18 79.0 7.0466 50.6 0.128 3.36 146.0 33.4884 18 80.0 7.0231 50.4 0.125 3.30 143.7 33.5115 19 81.0 6.9805 50.3 0.125 3.25 141.3 33.5488 24 82.0 6.9600 50.2 0.126 3.19 138.8 33.5673 28 83.0 6.9438 50.1 0.129 3.14 136.5 33.5868 33 84.0 6.9310 50.1 0.125 3.09 134.3 33.6102 37 85.0 6.9279 50.0 0.127 3.05 132.4 33.6279 29 86.0 6.9227 50.1 0.128 3.02 131.4 33.6495 21 87.0 6.9189 50.2 0.127 3.01 130.8 33.6670 19 88.0 6.9203 50.2 0.130 2.99 130.3 33.6784 17 89.0 6.9192 50.3 0.131 2.98 129.5 33.6884 17 90.0 6.9227 50.3 0.128 2.96 128.8 33.6977 17 91.0 6.9525 50.4 0.128 2.94 127.9 33.7444 21 92.0 6.9587 50.7 0.127 2.91 126.8 33.7634 29 93.0 6.9587 50.7 0.129 2.87 124.9 33.7727 46 93.9 6.9581 50.8 0.126 2.82 122.8 33.7881 35 95.0 6.9577 50.9 0.125 2.79 121.3 33.7973 25 96.0 6.9614 51.0 0.130 2.76 120.0 33.8078 21 97.0 6.9638 51.0 0.127 2.74 119.0 33.8162 19 98.0 6.9601 51.1 0.128 2.72 118.3 33.8250 18 99.0 6.9637 51.2 0.126 2.70 117.6 33.8381 18 100.0 6.9669 51.2 0.129 2.69 117.1 33.8422 19 101.0 6.9692 51.2 0.127 2.68 116.5 33.8431 22 102.0 6.9702 51.2 0.122 2.67 116.0 33.8435 23 103.0 6.9709 51.3 0.127 2.66 115.6 33.8440 24 104.0 6.9714 51.3 0.125 2.64 115.0 33.8448 26 105.0 6.9714 51.3 0.125 2.63 114.2 33.8451 29 106.0 6.9650 51.3 0.127 2.60 113.1 33.8474 32 107.0 6.9624 51.3 0.128 2.57 111.9 33.8547 27 108.0 6.9616 51.4 0.125 2.55 111.0 33.8656 23 109.0 6.9546 51.4 0.128 2.53 110.2 33.8693 22 110.0 6.9475 51.4 0.126 2.51 109.1 33.8710 21 111.0 6.9297 51.4 0.127 2.47 107.6 33.8728 20 112.0 6.9065 51.3 0.127 2.44 106.1 33.8738 21 113.0 6.8649 51.3 0.127 2.40 104.4 33.8763 21 114.0 6.8263 51.1 0.125 2.36 102.8 33.8810 21 115.0 6.8039 51.0 0.127 2.33 101.3 33.8840 22 116.0 6.7851 51.0 0.125 2.30 100.0 33.8904 23 117.0 6.7689 50.9 0.126 2.28 98.9 33.8969 23 118.0 6.7668 50.9 0.126 2.25 97.9 33.8979 27 119.0 6.7640 50.9 0.128 2.23 96.9 33.8991 30 120.0 6.7591 50.9 0.129 2.20 95.8 33.9009 28 121.0 6.7523 50.9 0.129 2.18 94.6 33.9029 22 122.0 6.7466 50.9 0.126 2.15 93.7 33.9045 19 123.0 6.7331 50.8 0.129 2.14 93.0 33.9076 19 124.0 6.7219 50.8 0.127 2.12 92.3 33.9107 18 125.0 6.7166 50.7 0.126 2.11 91.7 33.9122 23 126.0 6.7122 50.7 0.126 2.09 90.9 33.9133 29 127.0 6.7089 50.7 0.129 2.06 89.5 33.9146 33 128.0 6.7013 50.6 0.128 2.01 87.2 33.9175 26 129.0 6.6888 50.5 0.130 1.96 85.1 33.9221 21 130.0 6.6517 50.2 0.128 1.92 83.6 33.9337 19 131.0 6.6253 49.3 0.129 1.89 82.3 33.9386 20 132.0 6.6142 48.5 0.128 1.87 81.2 33.9398 20 133.0 6.6108 48.1 0.127 1.84 80.2 33.9398 22 134.0 6.6051 48.0 0.130 1.82 78.9 33.9406 39 134.9 6.5987 48.3 0.128 1.79 77.9 33.9418 38 136.1 6.5933 48.1 0.131 1.72 74.8 33.9422 32 137.0 6.5907 47.1 0.130 1.68 73.0 33.9421 43 137.6 6.5902 46.7 0.129 1.60 69.7 33.9422 25