*2013/12/16 15:30:32.77 *IOS HEADER VERSION 1.10 2011/10/26 2011/10/26 *FILE START TIME : UTC 2004/06/16 15:14:43.000 TIME INCREMENT : 0 0 0 0.416667E-01 0 ! (day hr min sec ms) NUMBER OF RECORDS : 122 DATA DESCRIPTION : CTD FILE TYPE : ASCII NUMBER OF CHANNELS : 8 $TABLE: CHANNELS ! No Name Units Minimum Maximum !--- --------------------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- 1 Pressure decibar 2.3 122.6 2 Temperature:Primary 'deg C (ITS90)' 7.2179 11.3272 3 Transmissivity %/metre 16.4 58.6 4 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 3.16575 9.045 5 PAR uE/m^2/sec 0.5 1387.6 6 Fluorescence:URU:Seapoint mg/m^3 0.141 12.63 7 Salinity:T0:C0 PSS-78 27.6981 32.9796 8 Number_of_bin_records n/a 9 85 $END $TABLE: CHANNEL DETAIL ! No Pad Start Width Format Type Decimal_Places !--- ---- ----- ----- ------ ---- -------------- 1 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 2 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 3 -99 ' ' 6 F ' ' 1 4 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 2 5 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 6 -99 ' ' 8 F ' ' 3 7 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 8 ' ' ' ' 5 I I 0 $END $REMARKS This file converted from Sea-Bird file: Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-10\CTD files\deri $END *ADMINISTRATION MISSION : 2004-10 AGENCY : IOS, Ocean Science and Productivity, Sidney, B.C. COUNTRY : Canada PROJECT : Line P SCIENTIST : Robert M. PLATFORM : John P. Tully *LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC AREA : N.E. Pacific STATION : SS7 EVENT NUMBER : 103 LATITUDE : 51 24.80000 N ! (deg min) LONGITUDE : 127 47.52000 W ! (deg min) WATER DEPTH : 123 ALTIMETER (M) : 5.35 ! custom item $REMARKS Altimeter value is distance from bottom and is calculated as the median of the deepest 2 metres of data. $END *INSTRUMENT TYPE : Sea-Bird CTD MODEL : SBE-911plus SERIAL NUMBER : 0585 $TABLE: SENSORS ! Name Abs Depth Serial No ! ------------------------- -------------- ---------- temperature:primary ' ' 2023 conductivity:primary ' ' 1763 pressure ' ' 77511 temperature:secondary ' ' 2095 conductivity:secondary ' ' 1764 Fluorometer ' ' Seapoint Oxygen:SBE ' ' 0047 transmissometer:primary ' ' 498DR irradiance ' ' primary altimeter: ' ' ' ' $END $REMARKS SOFTWARE VERSION SEASAVE WIN32 V 5.30A $END *HISTORY $TABLE: PROGRAMS ! Name Vers Date Time Recs In Recs Out ! ------------------------ ------ ---------- -------- --------- --------- SBE_IOS 2.7 2004/08/03 16:53:23 27470 27470 CLEAN 4.7 2004/08/03 18:15:50 27468 27468 SHIFTDAT 3.3 2004/08/05 17:11:27 ? ? SHIFTDAT 3.3 2004/08/05 18:26:47 ? ? DELETE 6.3 2004/08/05 22:44:43 27468 3636 CTDEDIT 4.50 2004/08/13 11:09:03 3636 3608 CALIB 11.4 2004/08/16 10:51:57 3608 3608 CALIB 11.4 2004/08/17 12:34:55 3608 3608 FILTERS 4.3 2004/08/17 14:18:28 3608 3608 BINAVE 4.0.1 2004/08/17 14:32:31 3608 122 CLEAN 4.7 2004/08/17 14:34:39 122 122 REMOVECH 6.0 2004/08/17 15:39:20 122 122 HDREDIT2 2.2 2004/08/17 15:42:06 ? ? CALIB 11.4 2004/09/29 14:44:04 122 122 HDREDIT2 2.3 2004/12/07 14:27:28 ? ? CALIB 11.6 2005/10/12 13:50:59 122 122 CHANGE_CTD_CHANNEL_NAMES 1.0 2013/12/16 15:30:32 122 122 $END $REMARKS -CLEAN functions: Interpolation by Channel 1: Scan_Number [n/a] in Pressure Set event to last 4 characters of file name -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Conductivity:Primary # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= -0.20 Salinity was recalculated after shift -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Fluorescence:URU:Seapoint # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= 24.00 Salinity was recalculated after shift -The following DELETE parameters were used: Surface Record Removal: Low Sal & Last Press Min Maximum Surface Pressure (relative): 10.00 Minimum Surface Salinity: 5.000 Surface Swell Pressure Tolerance: 1.00 Pressure filtered over width: 15 Swells deleted. Warning message if pressure difference of 2.00 Drop rates < 0.30m/s (calculated over 11 points) will be deleted. Drop rate applies in the range 10.00 to 113.11 dbars Sample interval (from FILE section of header) = 0.042 seconds. -The following CALIB parameters were used: Calibration type = Correct Mode: ONLY - calibration specs from Cal File only. Calibration file = Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-10\CTD files\doc\2004-10-recal1.ccf Calibrations applied: Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 8 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 10 0.3310000E-01 0.1077200E+01 15 Salinity:T0:C0 PSS-78 10 0.1000000E-02 0.1000000E+01 -The following CALIB parameters were used: Calibration type = Correct Mode: ONLY - calibration specs from Cal File only. Calibration file = Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-10\CTD files\doc\2004-10-recal2.ccf Calibrations applied: Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 8 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 10 -0.3000000E-01 0.1000000E+01 -The following FILTER parameters were used. Median filter was used. Filter width = 11 The following channel(s) were filtered. Fluorescence:URU:Seapoint -The following BINAVE parameters were used: Bin channel = Pressure Averaging interval = 1.00 Minimum bin value = 0.000 Average value was used Interpolated values were NOT used for empty bins Channel 'NUMBER_OF_BIN_RECORDS' was added to file. -CLEAN functions: Insert Pad Values in Channel: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [mL/L] where channel Pressure [decibar] is in the range 1500 to 10000 24962 data records in pad range. -The following CHANNEL(S) were removed from file. Scan_Number Temperature:Secondary Conductivity:Primary Conductivity:Secondary Oxygen:Voltage:SBE Status:Pump Altimeter Descent_Rate Salinity:T1:C1 Flag -HEADER EDITS: Applied edit header: Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-10\CTD files\doc\2004-10-headercomment Channel 1: Pressure [decibar] Units ==> dbars Format: F10.3 ==> F7.1 Channel 2: Temperature:Primary [deg C (ITS90)] (no changes) Channel 3: Transmissivity [%/metre] (no changes) Channel 4: Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE [mL/L] Format: F8.3 ==> F7.2 Channel 5: PAR [uE/m^2/sec] Format: F11.3 ==> F7.1 Channel 6: Fluorescence:URU:Seapoint [mg/m^3] (no changes) Channel 7: Salinity:T0:C0 [PSS-78] (no changes) Channel 8: Number_of_bin_records [n/a] Format: F5.0 ==> I5 -The following CALIB parameters were used: Calibration type = Correct Mode: ONLY - calibration specs from Cal File only. Calibration file = Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-10\DOC new\2004-10-recal3.ccf Calibrations applied: Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 7 Salinity:T0:C0 PSS-78 10 0.5000000E-03 0.1000000E+01 -HEADER EDITS: 2004/12/07 14:27:28 Applied edit header: H:\STNPCHEM\Work\HEADERS\Geographic Area.txt -CALIB parameters: 2005/10/12 13:50:59 Calibration type = Correct Mode: ONLY - calibration specs from Cal File only. Calibration file = C:\DATA\repair shop\2004-10\2004-10-recal3.ccf Calibrations applied: Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 4 Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 10 0.0000000E+00 0.1005000E+01 $END *COMMENTS SBE HEADER Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File: FileName = C:\DATA\2004-10\2004-10-0103.dat Software Version Seasave Win32 V 5.30a Temperature SN = 2023 Conductivity SN = 1763 Number of Bytes Per Scan = 30 Number of Voltage Words = 4 Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1 System UpLoad Time = Jun 16 2004 15:15:15 NMEA Latitude = 51 24.80 N NMEA Longitude = 127 47.52 W NMEA UTC (Time) = Jun 16 2004 15:14:43 Store Lat/Lon Data = Add to Header Only Ship: J.P. Tully Cruise: 2004-10 Station: SS7 Depth: 123 # nquan = 17 # nvalues = 27470 # units = specified # name 0 = scan: Scan Count # name 1 = prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz [db] # name 2 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C] # name 3 = t190C: Temperature, 2 [ITS-90, deg C] # name 4 = c0S/m: Conductivity [S/m] # name 5 = c1S/m: Conductivity, 2 [S/m] # name 6 = xmiss: Beam Transmission, Chelsea/Seatech/Wetlab CStar [%] # name 7 = sbeox0ML/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 [ml/l] # name 8 = sbeox0V: Oxygen Voltage, SBE 43 # name 9 = par: PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor # name 10 = flSP: Fluorescence, Seapoint # name 11 = pumps: Pump Status # name 12 = altM: Altimeter [m] # name 13 = dz/dtM: Descent Rate [m/s] # name 14 = sal00: Salinity [PSU] # name 15 = sal11: Salinity, 2 [PSU] # name 16 = flag: flag # span 0 = 1, 27470 # span 1 = 1.443, 123.106 # span 2 = 7.2159, 11.3675 # span 3 = 7.2153, 11.4216 # span 4 = 3.160345, 3.369390 # span 5 = 3.063392, 3.369753 # span 6 = 49.5207, 87.5154 # span 7 = 2.91444, 8.48797 # span 8 = 1.8388, 4.4396 # span 9 = 5.3441e-01, 2.0374e+03 # span 10 = 1.3187e-01, 1.4286e+01 # span 11 = 0, 1 # span 12 = 0.00, 100.00 # span 13 = -1.477, 1.504 # span 14 = 27.4596, 32.9796 # span 15 = 26.4388, 32.9864 # span 16 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00 # interval = seconds: 0.0416667 # start_time = Jun 16 2004 15:15:15 # bad_flag = -9.990e-29 # sensor 0 = Frequency 0 temperature, primary, 2023, 20-Dec-03 # sensor 1 = Frequency 1 conductivity, primary, 1763, 19-Dec-03, cpcor = -9.57 00e-08 # sensor 2 = Frequency 2 pressure, 77511, 13-Mar-00 # sensor 3 = Frequency 3 temperature, secondary, 2095, 05-Sep-03 # sensor 4 = Frequency 4 conductivity, secondary, 1764, 05-Sep-03, cpcor = -9. 5700e-08 # sensor 5 = Extrnl Volt 0 Fluorometer, Seapoint, primary # sensor 6 = Extrnl Volt 2 Oxygen, SBE, primary, 0047, 13-Jan-04 # sensor 7 = Extrnl Volt 3 transmissometer, primary, 498DR, 7-Apr-04 # sensor 8 = Extrnl Volt 4 irradiance (PAR), primary, 4615, 15-Dec-00 # sensor 9 = Extrnl Volt 6 altimeter # datcnv_date = Aug 02 2004 13:02:32, 5.30a # datcnv_in = Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-10\CTD files\2004-10-0103.dat Q:\Cruise_Data\2 004-10\CTD files\2004-10-CTDd.CON # datcnv_skipover = 0 # wildedit_date = Aug 02 2004 14:55:03, 5.30a # wildedit_in = Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-10\CTD files\convert\2004-10-0103.cnv # wildedit_pass1_nstd = 2.0 # wildedit_pass2_nstd = 5.0 # wildedit_pass2_mindelta = 0.000e+000 # wildedit_npoint = 50 # wildedit_vars = prDM # wildedit_excl_bad_scans = yes # alignctd_date = Aug 02 2004 15:19:41, 5.30a # alignctd_in = Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-10\CTD files\wildedit\2004-10-0103.cnv # alignctd_adv = sbeox0ML/L 5.000 # celltm_date = Aug 03 2004 10:59:15, 5.30a # celltm_in = Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-10\CTD files\align\2004-10-0103.cnv # celltm_alpha = 0.0300, 0.0300 # celltm_tau = 9.0000, 9.0000 # celltm_temp_sensor_use_for_cond = primary, secondary # Derive_date = Aug 03 2004 11:24:03, 5.30a # Derive_in = Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-10\CTD files\celltm\2004-10-0103.cnv Q:\Cruise _Data\2004-10\CTD files\2004-10-CTDa.CON # file_type = ascii END* CTDEDIT was used to remove records from the bottom of the cast. The fluorescence and transmissivity data are nominal and unedited except that some records were removed in editing T and S. The dissolved oxygen data was removed for pressures greater than 1500db because the sensor is unreliable at depth. The DO data in the CTD files should be considered: • ±0.2ml/l from 0db–150db. • ±0.1ml/l below 150db – 300db • ±0.05ml/l from 300 – 1500db *CALIBRATION $TABLE: CORRECTED CHANNELS ! Name Units Fmla Pad Coefficients ! ---------------------- -------- ---- ------ ------------ Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 10 -99 () (0.331E-01 1.0772) Salinity:T0:C0 PSS-78 10 -99 () (0.1E-02 1) Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 10 -99 () (-0.3E-01 1) Salinity:T0:C0 PSS-78 10 -99 () (0.5E-03 1) Oxygen:Dissolved:SBE mL/L 10 -99 () (0 1.005) $END !--1--- ---2---- --3-- --4--- --5--- ---6--- ---7---- -8-- !Pressu Temperat Trans Oxygen PAR Fluores Salinity Numb !re ure: missi : cence: :T0:C0 er_o ! Primary vity Dissol URU: ~bin ! ved: Seapoin _rec ! SBE t ords !------ -------- ----- ------ ------ ------- -------- ---- *END OF HEADER 2.3 11.2898 22.2 9.05 1387.6 1.296 27.6981 68 2.9 11.3272 23.2 8.97 384.1 1.467 28.3157 65 4.0 11.1430 33.7 8.64 204.5 1.172 28.9771 32 5.0 10.8793 38.4 8.60 149.9 1.274 29.1823 34 6.0 10.7046 37.4 8.38 102.7 2.285 29.2935 34 7.0 10.6813 36.6 7.83 76.5 2.899 29.3086 28 8.0 10.6942 37.2 7.34 57.4 3.026 29.3351 26 9.0 10.1738 36.6 6.96 46.6 5.208 29.8646 25 10.0 10.0002 30.1 6.67 34.7 7.720 30.0208 28 11.0 9.7748 23.2 6.42 21.1 10.727 30.1905 24 12.0 9.7095 18.6 6.24 12.4 12.500 30.2559 24 13.0 9.6943 16.8 6.13 7.4 12.630 30.3431 22 14.0 9.6501 16.4 6.04 4.7 10.006 30.4096 25 15.0 9.5701 18.5 5.92 3.3 7.450 30.4728 25 16.0 9.5680 21.9 5.79 2.5 6.650 30.5456 24 17.0 9.5094 23.8 5.70 2.0 5.424 30.5915 22 18.0 9.3934 27.3 5.60 1.6 4.027 30.6710 23 19.0 9.2874 31.6 5.45 1.4 2.772 30.7272 25 20.0 9.2220 38.0 5.28 1.2 2.257 30.7619 24 21.0 9.1359 41.0 5.13 1.1 2.052 30.7993 22 22.0 8.9078 42.6 5.01 1.0 1.845 30.9269 21 23.0 8.6703 44.6 4.93 0.9 1.512 31.1190 20 24.0 8.5893 46.8 4.85 0.9 1.263 31.1760 21 25.0 8.5477 49.4 4.77 0.8 0.868 31.2051 22 26.0 8.4731 51.4 4.70 0.8 0.720 31.2738 22 27.0 8.4213 52.9 4.65 0.8 0.516 31.3164 21 28.0 8.3802 53.9 4.59 0.7 0.620 31.3458 22 29.0 8.2889 54.5 4.51 0.7 0.704 31.4018 19 30.0 8.2567 54.6 4.44 0.7 0.623 31.4218 18 31.0 8.2364 54.8 4.39 0.7 0.644 31.4401 17 32.0 8.2108 55.0 4.35 0.7 0.747 31.4610 16 33.0 8.1199 54.8 4.32 0.6 0.719 31.5409 17 34.0 8.0883 54.7 4.29 0.6 0.785 31.5741 18 35.0 8.0790 54.4 4.26 0.6 0.786 31.5823 18 36.0 8.0766 54.1 4.23 0.6 0.823 31.5852 19 37.0 8.0734 54.2 4.21 0.6 0.946 31.5935 18 38.0 8.0570 54.0 4.19 0.6 1.069 31.6083 17 39.0 8.0451 54.2 4.17 0.6 0.927 31.6192 17 40.0 8.0374 54.3 4.16 0.6 0.817 31.6288 16 41.0 8.0311 54.5 4.16 0.6 0.680 31.6396 16 42.0 8.0267 54.6 4.16 0.6 0.632 31.6505 16 43.0 8.0216 54.6 4.15 0.6 0.585 31.6641 17 44.0 8.0092 54.8 4.15 0.6 0.572 31.6730 17 45.0 8.0012 54.8 4.14 0.6 0.502 31.6961 18 46.0 8.0104 55.0 4.13 0.6 0.473 31.7240 17 47.0 8.0120 55.2 4.13 0.6 0.504 31.7401 17 48.0 7.9584 55.6 4.13 0.6 0.521 31.7728 17 49.0 7.9397 55.7 4.14 0.6 0.452 31.7875 18 50.0 7.9334 55.7 4.14 0.6 0.428 31.7907 18 51.0 7.9241 55.5 4.15 0.6 0.460 31.7977 19 52.0 7.9104 55.3 4.14 0.6 0.463 31.8131 20 53.0 7.8933 55.2 4.12 0.6 0.468 31.8379 20 54.0 7.8850 55.2 4.11 0.6 0.473 31.8588 18 55.0 7.8740 54.9 4.09 0.6 0.501 31.8901 18 56.0 7.8574 55.6 4.08 0.6 0.406 31.9169 17 57.0 7.8356 56.2 4.07 0.6 0.351 31.9507 18 58.0 7.8137 56.5 4.05 0.5 0.250 31.9751 20 59.0 7.8036 56.7 4.04 0.5 0.207 31.9882 20 60.0 7.7939 57.1 4.03 0.5 0.187 32.0082 20 61.0 7.7707 57.7 4.02 0.5 0.183 32.0510 20 62.0 7.7690 57.4 4.01 0.5 0.178 32.0615 20 63.0 7.7670 57.9 4.01 0.5 0.174 32.0640 19 64.0 7.7668 58.2 3.99 0.5 0.174 32.0686 20 65.0 7.7604 58.4 3.97 0.5 0.184 32.0861 20 66.0 7.7495 58.4 3.95 0.5 0.177 32.1063 19 67.0 7.7305 58.2 3.93 0.5 0.167 32.1479 18 68.0 7.7055 58.3 3.91 0.5 0.173 32.2079 17 69.0 7.6878 58.3 3.90 0.5 0.171 32.2530 18 70.0 7.6757 58.5 3.88 0.5 0.161 32.2849 19 71.0 7.6750 58.6 3.86 0.5 0.157 32.2950 19 72.0 7.6755 58.4 3.85 0.5 0.162 32.2987 22 73.0 7.6719 58.3 3.83 0.5 0.157 32.3142 21 74.0 7.6643 58.2 3.82 0.5 0.156 32.3294 19 75.0 7.6611 58.2 3.82 0.5 0.153 32.3379 18 76.0 7.6593 58.1 3.81 0.5 0.153 32.3422 17 77.0 7.6559 57.9 3.80 0.5 0.152 32.3513 17 78.0 7.6418 58.0 3.79 0.5 0.156 32.3670 17 79.0 7.6324 57.9 3.78 0.5 0.153 32.3837 19 80.0 7.6257 58.0 3.75 0.5 0.148 32.4017 20 81.0 7.6229 58.0 3.71 0.5 0.147 32.4097 22 82.0 7.6137 58.0 3.67 0.5 0.151 32.4368 22 83.0 7.5857 57.9 3.63 0.5 0.152 32.5040 21 84.0 7.5590 57.8 3.60 0.5 0.147 32.5649 20 85.0 7.5369 57.8 3.57 0.5 0.154 32.6106 19 86.0 7.5165 57.6 3.54 0.5 0.147 32.6345 19 87.0 7.4972 57.5 3.50 0.5 0.142 32.6540 22 88.0 7.4709 57.3 3.47 0.5 0.145 32.6838 23 89.0 7.4700 57.1 3.45 0.5 0.143 32.7070 27 90.0 7.4592 56.7 3.43 0.5 0.145 32.7253 34 91.0 7.4378 56.5 3.43 0.5 0.147 32.7416 34 92.0 7.4132 56.4 3.42 0.5 0.144 32.7577 31 93.0 7.4022 56.0 3.42 0.5 0.143 32.7680 37 94.0 7.3868 55.6 3.41 0.5 0.143 32.7825 44 95.0 7.3739 55.6 3.41 0.5 0.143 32.7946 37 96.1 7.3667 55.6 3.40 0.5 0.145 32.8029 51 97.0 7.3545 55.6 3.38 0.5 0.144 32.8185 56 98.0 7.3438 55.5 3.36 0.5 0.143 32.8332 45 98.9 7.3357 55.4 3.34 0.5 0.145 32.8438 51 100.1 7.3131 55.1 3.31 0.5 0.145 32.8713 41 100.8 7.3040 54.8 3.30 0.5 0.146 32.8815 28 102.0 7.3014 54.4 3.27 0.5 0.143 32.8848 54 102.9 7.2877 54.3 3.26 0.5 0.141 32.8989 47 104.0 7.2700 53.8 3.25 0.5 0.144 32.9195 54 105.0 7.2694 53.6 3.24 0.5 0.146 32.9219 60 106.0 7.2690 53.7 3.24 0.5 0.147 32.9226 46 107.0 7.2672 53.6 3.24 0.5 0.145 32.9244 67 108.0 7.2627 53.6 3.24 0.5 0.144 32.9280 61 109.0 7.2582 53.6 3.23 0.5 0.144 32.9309 53 110.0 7.2516 53.8 3.22 0.5 0.147 32.9387 55 111.0 7.2373 53.6 3.21 0.5 0.170 32.9556 64 112.0 7.2284 53.1 3.20 0.5 0.144 32.9663 50 113.0 7.2254 52.8 3.19 0.5 0.143 32.9711 61 114.0 7.2249 52.4 3.18 0.5 0.146 32.9720 69 115.0 7.2249 52.0 3.18 0.5 0.147 32.9723 54 116.0 7.2246 51.7 3.18 0.5 0.144 32.9728 68 117.0 7.2250 51.3 3.18 0.5 0.145 32.9725 42 118.1 7.2244 51.3 3.18 0.5 0.146 32.9732 49 119.0 7.2224 51.6 3.17 0.5 0.144 32.9753 85 120.0 7.2196 51.4 3.17 0.5 0.146 32.9781 46 121.1 7.2183 51.4 3.17 0.5 0.147 32.9794 70 121.9 7.2180 51.3 3.17 0.5 0.145 32.9796 61 122.6 7.2179 51.3 3.17 0.5 0.143 32.9796 9