*2013/12/16 15:29:41.63 *IOS HEADER VERSION 1.10 2011/10/26 2011/10/26 *FILE START TIME : UTC 2004/02/21 21:32:50.000 TIME INCREMENT : 0 0 0 0.416667E-01 0 ! (day hr min sec ms) NUMBER OF RECORDS : 240 DATA DESCRIPTION : CTD FILE TYPE : ASCII NUMBER OF CHANNELS : 6 $TABLE: CHANNELS ! No Name Units Minimum Maximum !--- --------------------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- 1 Pressure decibar 4.1 242.5 2 Temperature:Primary 'deg C (ITS90)' 6.0201 6.9142 3 Transmissivity %/metre 35.4 60 4 Fluorescence:URU:Seapoint mg/m^3 0.52E-01 0.344 5 Salinity:T0:C0 PSS-78 30.2978 33.1454 6 Number_of_bin_records n/a 4 65 $END $TABLE: CHANNEL DETAIL ! No Pad Start Width Format Type Decimal_Places !--- ---- ----- ----- ------ ---- -------------- 1 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 2 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 3 -99 ' ' 6 F ' ' 1 4 -99 ' ' 8 F ' ' 3 5 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 6 ' ' ' ' 5 I I 0 $END $REMARKS This file converted from Sea-Bird file: Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-03\derive\2004-03 $END *ADMINISTRATION MISSION : 2004-03 AGENCY : PBS, Ocean Science and Productivity, Nanaimo, B.C. COUNTRY : Canada PROJECT : High Seas Salmon SCIENTIST : Morris J. PLATFORM : W.E. Ricker *LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC AREA : North West Pacific STATION : ISEA 04 EVENT NUMBER : 109 LATITUDE : 55 53.64000 N ! (deg min) LONGITUDE : 132 27.44000 W ! (deg min) WATER DEPTH : 250 *INSTRUMENT TYPE : Sea-Bird CTD MODEL : SBE-911plus SERIAL NUMBER : 0506 $TABLE: SENSORS ! Name Abs Depth Serial No ! ------------------------- -------------- ---------- temperature:primary ' ' 2668 conductivity:primary ' ' 2424 pressure ' ' 69698 temperature:secondary ' ' 2374 conductivity:secondary ' ' 2399 Fluorometer ' ' Seapoint transmissometer:primary ' ' 197 $END $REMARKS SOFTWARE VERSION SEASAVE WIN32 V 5.27C $END *HISTORY $TABLE: PROGRAMS ! Name Vers Date Time Recs In Recs Out ! ------------------------ ------ ---------- -------- --------- --------- SBE_IOS 2.7 2004/03/23 14:20:11 14297 14297 CLEAN 4.5 2004/03/23 14:31:39 14292 14292 SHIFTDAT 3.3 2004/03/24 15:19:16 ? ? SHIFTDAT 3.3 2004/03/24 15:30:35 ? ? SHIFTDAT 3.3 2004/03/24 15:41:42 ? ? DELETE 6.3 2004/03/24 15:52:05 14292 6060 CTDEDIT 4.50 2004/04/06 12:21:38 6060 6060 FILTERS 4.3 2004/04/13 09:52:33 6060 6060 BINAVE 4.0.1 2004/04/13 09:56:47 6060 240 REMOVECH 6.0 2004/04/13 11:10:52 240 240 HDREDIT2 1.9 2004/04/13 11:18:18 ? ? CALIB 11.4 2004/12/22 12:22:17 240 240 CHANGE_CTD_CHANNEL_NAMES 1.0 2013/12/16 15:29:41 240 240 $END $REMARKS CLEAN functions: - Interpolation by Record Number, in Pressure - Set event to last 4 characters of file name -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Fluorescence:URU:Seapoint # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= 24.00 Salinity was recalculated after shift -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Conductivity:Primary # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= -1.20 Salinity was recalculated after shift -The following SHIFT parameters were used. Shift Channel: Conductivity:Secondary # of Records to Advance (-ve for Delay): At REC# 0 Shift= -0.50 Salinity was recalculated after shift -The following DELETE parameters were used: Surface Record Removal: Last Press Min Maximum Surface Pressure (relative): 10.00 Surface Swell Pressure Tolerance: 1.00 Pressure filtered over width: 15 Swells deleted. Warning message if pressure difference of 2.00 Drop rates < 0.30m/s (calculated over 11 points) will be deleted. Drop rate applies in the range 10.00 to 233.24 dbars Sample interval (from FILE section of header) = 0.042 seconds. -The following FILTER parameters were used. Median filter was used. Filter width = 11 The following channel(s) were filtered. Fluorescence:URU:Seapoint -The following BINAVE parameters were used: Bin channel = Pressure Averaging interval = 1.00 Minimum bin value = 0.000 Average value was used Interpolated values were NOT used for empty bins Channel 'NUMBER_OF_BIN_RECORDS' was added to file. -The following CHANNEL(S) were removed from file. Scan_Number Temperature:Secondary Conductivity:Primary Conductivity:Secondary Status:Pump Descent_Rate Salinity:T1:C1 Flag -The following CALIB parameters were used: Calibration type = Correct Mode: ONLY - calibration specs from Cal File only. Calibration file = Q:\Cruise_Data\RICKER recal\2004-03\2004-03-RECAL2.CCF Calibrations applied: Ch Name Units Fmla Coefficents -- ----------------------------- --------- --- ----------------------------- 5 Salinity:T0:C0 PSS-78 10 0.1100000E-01 0.1000000E+01 $END *COMMENTS SBE HEADER Sea-Bird SBE 9 Data File: FileName = D:\CTD Data\2004-03\ctd109.dat Software Version Seasave Win32 V 5.27c Temperature SN = 2668 Conductivity SN = 2424 Number of Bytes Per Scan = 24 Number of Voltage Words = 2 Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1 System UpLoad Time = Feb 21 2004 20:29:38 NMEA Latitude = 55 53.64 N NMEA Longitude = 132 27.44 W NMEA UTC (Time) = Feb 21 2004 21:32:50 Store Lat/Lon Data = Add to Header Only Ship: W.E Ricker Cruise: 2004-03 High Seas Salmon Station: ISEA 04 Latitude: Longitude: Depth: 250 CTD Cast #: 109 # nquan = 13 # nvalues = 14297 # units = specified # name 0 = scan: Scan Count # name 1 = prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz [db] # name 2 = t090C: Temperature [ITS-90, deg C] # name 3 = t190C: Temperature, 2 [ITS-90, deg C] # name 4 = c0S/m: Conductivity [S/m] # name 5 = c1S/m: Conductivity, 2 [S/m] # name 6 = xmiss: Beam Transmission, Chelsea/Seatech/Wetlab CStar [%] # name 7 = flSP: Fluorescence, Seapoint # name 8 = pumps: Pump Status # name 9 = dz/dtM: Descent Rate [m/s] # name 10 = sal00: Salinity [PSU] # name 11 = sal11: Salinity, 2 [PSU] # name 12 = flag: flag # span 0 = 1, 14297 # span 1 = 2.211, 243.239 # span 2 = 5.8869, 6.9153 # span 3 = 5.8848, 6.9168 # span 4 = 2.997762, 3.306070 # span 5 = 2.997191, 3.305789 # span 6 = 59.8108, 88.0455 # span 7 = 4.0293e-02, 6.4835e-01 # span 8 = 0, 1 # span 9 = -1.050, 1.146 # span 10 = 30.1840, 33.1354 # span 11 = 30.1797, 33.1353 # span 12 = 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00 # interval = seconds: 0.0416667 # start_time = Feb 21 2004 20:29:38 # bad_flag = -9.990e-29 # sensor 0 = Frequency 0 temperature, primary, 2668, 20-Jun-02s # sensor 1 = Frequency 1 conductivity, primary, 2424, 16-Apr-02, cpcor = -9.57 00e-08 # sensor 2 = Frequency 2 pressure, 69698, 11-12-1997 # sensor 3 = Frequency 3 temperature, secondary, 2374, 20-Jun-02 # sensor 4 = Frequency 4 conductivity, secondary, 2399, 16-Apr-02, cpcor = -9. 5700e-08 # sensor 5 = Extrnl Volt 0 Fluorometer, Seapoint, primary # sensor 6 = Extrnl Volt 2 transmissometer, primary, 197, 16-Jan-2004 # datcnv_date = Mar 22 2004 17:21:51, 5.30a # datcnv_in = Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-03\2004-03-0109.dat Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-03\200 4-03-ctd.con # datcnv_skipover = 0 # wildedit_date = Mar 23 2004 09:01:05, 5.30a # wildedit_in = Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-03\convert\2004-03-0109.cnv # wildedit_pass1_nstd = 2.0 # wildedit_pass2_nstd = 5.0 # wildedit_pass2_mindelta = 0.000e+000 # wildedit_npoint = 50 # wildedit_vars = prDM # wildedit_excl_bad_scans = yes # alignctd_date = Mar 23 2004 09:52:37, 5.30a # alignctd_in = Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-03\wildedit\2004-03-0109.cnv # alignctd_adv = c1S/m 0.073 # celltm_date = Mar 23 2004 13:32:16, 5.30a # celltm_in = Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-03\align\2004-03-0109.cnv # celltm_alpha = 0.0100, 0.0300 # celltm_tau = 7.0000, 9.0000 # celltm_temp_sensor_use_for_cond = primary, secondary # Derive_date = Mar 23 2004 13:49:18, 5.30a # Derive_in = Q:\Cruise_Data\2004-03\celltm\2004-03-0109.cnv Q:\Cruise_Data\2004 -03\2004-03-ctd.con # file_type = ascii END* CTDEDIT was used to clean salinity lightly. -------------------------------------------------------------------- Transmissivity and Fluorescence – The data are nominal and unedited, except that some records were removed in editing T and S.. -------------------------------------------------------------------- *CALIBRATION $TABLE: CORRECTED CHANNELS ! Name Units Fmla Pad Coefficients ! ---------------- -------- ---- ------ ------------ Salinity:T0:C0 PSS-78 10 -99 () (0.11E-01 1) $END !--1--- ---2---- --3-- ---4--- ---5---- -6-- !Pressu Temperat Trans Fluores Salinity Numb !re ure: missi cence: :T0:C0 er_o ! Primary vity URU: ~bin ! Seapoin _rec ! t ords !------ -------- ----- ------- -------- ---- *END OF HEADER 4.1 6.0201 35.4 0.344 30.2978 65 4.9 6.0225 57.3 0.339 30.3020 39 6.0 6.0294 57.1 0.336 30.3115 26 7.0 6.0274 57.3 0.331 30.3082 27 8.0 6.0203 57.0 0.329 30.2999 26 9.0 6.0363 57.4 0.317 30.3219 26 10.0 6.0782 57.7 0.307 30.3805 25 11.0 6.0802 57.8 0.305 30.3827 26 12.0 6.0820 57.9 0.300 30.3850 27 13.0 6.0860 58.0 0.298 30.3901 25 14.0 6.0845 58.1 0.304 30.3880 26 15.0 6.0842 58.0 0.300 30.3876 27 16.0 6.0825 58.1 0.307 30.3853 25 17.0 6.0826 58.1 0.306 30.3853 26 18.0 6.0856 58.1 0.294 30.3890 25 19.0 6.0900 58.1 0.301 30.3942 25 20.0 6.0898 58.2 0.300 30.3940 25 21.0 6.0897 58.1 0.301 30.3940 25 22.0 6.0916 58.1 0.304 30.3962 26 23.0 6.0908 58.1 0.301 30.3950 26 24.0 6.0902 58.1 0.303 30.3940 26 25.0 6.0915 58.1 0.303 30.3957 26 26.0 6.0947 58.1 0.302 30.3992 25 27.0 6.0948 58.0 0.309 30.3993 25 28.0 6.0954 58.1 0.302 30.4001 25 29.0 6.0957 58.1 0.301 30.4006 26 30.0 6.0960 58.1 0.294 30.4012 26 31.0 6.0964 58.1 0.295 30.4009 24 32.0 6.0969 58.1 0.302 30.4015 25 33.0 6.0971 58.0 0.295 30.4014 26 34.0 6.0968 58.0 0.291 30.4011 25 35.0 6.0973 58.1 0.296 30.4017 25 36.0 6.0989 58.1 0.289 30.4039 25 37.0 6.0989 58.1 0.292 30.4036 25 38.0 6.1007 58.0 0.300 30.4062 26 39.0 6.1011 58.1 0.298 30.4071 24 40.0 6.1001 58.2 0.296 30.4057 25 41.0 6.0992 58.1 0.296 30.4047 25 42.0 6.0993 58.2 0.294 30.4045 25 43.0 6.1007 58.2 0.295 30.4061 25 44.0 6.1017 58.2 0.289 30.4072 25 45.0 6.1009 58.2 0.289 30.4060 25 46.0 6.1027 58.2 0.288 30.4083 24 47.0 6.1482 58.1 0.269 30.4573 25 48.0 6.2412 57.8 0.257 30.5573 25 49.0 6.2545 57.7 0.253 30.5873 25 50.0 6.2757 57.8 0.261 30.6550 25 51.0 6.2890 57.9 0.266 30.6906 24 52.0 6.2933 58.0 0.264 30.7207 25 53.0 6.2946 58.0 0.267 30.7334 25 54.0 6.2951 58.0 0.272 30.7340 24 55.0 6.2948 58.0 0.273 30.7385 25 56.0 6.2969 58.1 0.279 30.7438 24 57.0 6.2959 58.1 0.275 30.7508 25 58.0 6.3004 58.1 0.279 30.7584 25 59.0 6.3031 58.2 0.270 30.7600 24 60.0 6.3144 58.2 0.264 30.7668 25 61.0 6.3277 58.2 0.262 30.7812 25 62.0 6.3462 58.3 0.256 30.8018 25 63.0 6.3588 58.4 0.252 30.8138 25 64.0 6.3603 58.4 0.252 30.8161 25 65.0 6.3683 58.4 0.249 30.8260 25 66.0 6.3739 58.4 0.246 30.8342 26 67.0 6.3763 58.4 0.241 30.8380 25 68.0 6.3803 58.5 0.238 30.8426 24 69.0 6.3819 58.5 0.240 30.8444 25 70.0 6.3827 58.5 0.239 30.8465 26 71.0 6.3882 58.6 0.235 30.8544 25 72.0 6.3974 58.5 0.231 30.8659 25 73.0 6.4021 58.6 0.235 30.8715 25 74.0 6.4042 58.6 0.230 30.8740 25 75.0 6.4061 58.6 0.227 30.8763 25 76.0 6.4084 58.6 0.224 30.8790 25 77.0 6.4112 58.7 0.228 30.8832 25 78.0 6.4156 58.7 0.224 30.8903 25 79.0 6.4198 58.7 0.220 30.8958 25 80.0 6.4213 58.7 0.220 30.8975 25 81.0 6.4229 58.7 0.213 30.8993 25 82.0 6.4255 58.7 0.215 30.9024 25 83.0 6.4291 58.8 0.213 30.9069 25 84.0 6.4302 58.7 0.212 30.9082 26 85.0 6.4336 58.7 0.208 30.9128 24 86.0 6.4416 58.8 0.209 30.9229 25 87.0 6.4490 58.7 0.201 30.9331 26 88.0 6.4933 58.8 0.187 30.9921 25 89.0 6.5503 58.9 0.169 31.0540 25 90.0 6.5858 59.0 0.147 31.0873 24 91.0 6.6247 59.0 0.134 31.1336 25 92.0 6.6619 59.0 0.123 31.1985 25 93.0 6.6905 59.2 0.116 31.2438 25 94.0 6.7149 59.3 0.115 31.2852 26 95.0 6.7258 59.5 0.109 31.3067 25 96.0 6.7277 59.6 0.105 31.3127 24 97.0 6.7278 59.7 0.103 31.3150 26 98.0 6.7288 59.7 0.106 31.3211 25 99.0 6.7323 59.7 0.103 31.3300 25 100.0 6.7650 59.8 0.097 31.3922 24 101.0 6.7920 59.9 0.098 31.4245 25 102.0 6.7972 59.9 0.093 31.4335 26 103.0 6.7993 60.0 0.091 31.4380 25 104.0 6.8002 59.9 0.094 31.4411 24 105.0 6.8037 59.9 0.091 31.4535 25 106.0 6.8091 59.9 0.088 31.4756 26 107.0 6.8202 60.0 0.088 31.5176 25 108.0 6.8230 60.0 0.083 31.5320 24 109.0 6.8228 60.0 0.083 31.5349 25 110.0 6.8231 60.0 0.087 31.5358 23 111.0 6.8229 60.0 0.090 31.5395 24 112.0 6.8225 60.0 0.092 31.5413 25 113.0 6.8227 60.0 0.088 31.5424 25 114.0 6.8133 60.0 0.089 31.5540 25 115.0 6.8141 59.9 0.084 31.5600 24 116.0 6.8233 60.0 0.084 31.5783 25 117.0 6.8280 60.0 0.086 31.5982 24 118.0 6.8328 60.0 0.084 31.6201 25 119.0 6.8340 60.0 0.082 31.6243 24 120.0 6.8368 60.0 0.083 31.6313 24 121.0 6.8403 60.0 0.083 31.6404 25 122.0 6.8412 59.9 0.081 31.6457 25 123.0 6.8472 59.9 0.082 31.6598 25 124.0 6.8678 59.9 0.082 31.6867 25 125.0 6.8628 59.9 0.081 31.7032 24 126.0 6.8592 59.8 0.077 31.7209 25 127.0 6.8622 59.7 0.079 31.7515 26 128.0 6.8605 59.7 0.078 31.7712 25 129.0 6.8548 59.7 0.082 31.7811 25 130.0 6.8551 59.7 0.081 31.8026 25 131.0 6.8649 59.7 0.080 31.8343 26 132.0 6.8751 59.7 0.078 31.8491 25 133.0 6.8786 59.7 0.077 31.8550 26 134.0 6.8863 59.7 0.082 31.8639 25 135.0 6.8830 59.6 0.078 31.8734 24 136.0 6.8822 59.7 0.076 31.8792 27 137.0 6.8801 59.6 0.076 31.8860 25 138.0 6.8789 59.6 0.078 31.8898 26 139.0 6.8784 59.6 0.076 31.8961 26 140.0 6.8789 59.6 0.075 31.9095 25 141.0 6.8825 59.6 0.077 31.9163 26 142.0 6.8882 59.6 0.073 31.9321 27 143.0 6.8867 59.7 0.073 31.9528 25 144.0 6.8893 59.7 0.073 31.9640 26 145.0 6.8918 59.6 0.074 31.9777 25 146.0 6.8985 59.7 0.070 31.9911 26 147.0 6.9033 59.7 0.069 31.9974 25 148.0 6.9107 59.7 0.065 32.0143 26 149.0 6.9130 59.7 0.069 32.0308 26 150.0 6.9110 59.7 0.066 32.0391 26 151.0 6.9044 59.7 0.067 32.0506 25 152.0 6.8921 59.7 0.068 32.1008 25 153.0 6.8851 59.7 0.067 32.1416 27 154.0 6.8974 59.7 0.065 32.2112 26 155.0 6.9032 59.8 0.063 32.2435 25 156.0 6.9035 59.8 0.061 32.2486 25 157.0 6.9055 59.8 0.059 32.2542 26 158.0 6.9142 59.8 0.061 32.2847 26 159.0 6.9020 59.8 0.061 32.3234 25 160.0 6.8832 59.9 0.060 32.3591 25 161.0 6.8818 59.9 0.062 32.3828 26 162.0 6.8744 59.9 0.060 32.4119 26 163.0 6.8577 59.9 0.059 32.4527 25 164.0 6.8436 60.0 0.060 32.4744 26 165.0 6.8086 59.9 0.059 32.5334 25 166.0 6.7843 59.8 0.060 32.5740 25 167.0 6.7793 59.8 0.059 32.5818 27 168.0 6.7773 59.9 0.058 32.5849 25 169.0 6.7772 59.5 0.061 32.5859 24 170.0 6.7776 59.7 0.060 32.5858 26 171.0 6.7752 59.6 0.057 32.5888 25 172.0 6.7587 59.7 0.057 32.6131 26 173.0 6.7251 59.7 0.057 32.6694 26 174.0 6.7181 59.7 0.057 32.6851 25 175.0 6.7128 59.7 0.059 32.7034 26 176.0 6.7102 59.6 0.056 32.7135 25 177.0 6.7097 59.5 0.057 32.7171 25 178.0 6.7039 59.4 0.058 32.7292 25 179.0 6.6983 59.4 0.059 32.7381 25 180.0 6.6942 59.3 0.060 32.7413 25 181.0 6.6840 59.3 0.057 32.7508 25 182.0 6.6727 59.2 0.059 32.7605 26 183.0 6.6508 59.3 0.058 32.7767 25 184.0 6.6283 59.3 0.057 32.8021 26 185.0 6.6055 59.2 0.057 32.8284 25 186.0 6.5983 59.2 0.059 32.8364 25 187.0 6.5954 59.2 0.055 32.8395 26 188.0 6.5935 59.2 0.057 32.8415 25 189.0 6.5842 59.2 0.056 32.8520 25 190.0 6.5804 59.1 0.055 32.8562 26 191.0 6.5786 59.0 0.054 32.8582 24 192.0 6.5684 59.0 0.058 32.8691 25 193.0 6.5605 58.6 0.055 32.8777 26 194.0 6.5334 58.9 0.056 32.9049 25 195.0 6.5222 58.9 0.055 32.9158 25 196.0 6.5131 58.9 0.057 32.9250 26 197.0 6.5014 58.9 0.056 32.9372 24 198.0 6.4969 58.4 0.052 32.9419 26 199.0 6.4926 58.6 0.054 32.9463 25 200.0 6.4911 58.7 0.057 32.9479 25 201.0 6.4831 58.8 0.054 32.9580 25 202.0 6.4806 58.7 0.055 32.9614 25 203.0 6.4794 58.8 0.055 32.9629 26 204.0 6.4790 58.7 0.056 32.9629 25 205.0 6.4787 58.6 0.054 32.9628 25 206.0 6.4784 58.7 0.056 32.9632 25 207.0 6.4786 58.7 0.057 32.9637 25 208.0 6.4786 58.7 0.055 32.9644 25 209.0 6.4791 58.7 0.057 32.9642 26 210.0 6.4799 58.8 0.055 32.9635 25 211.0 6.4789 58.7 0.059 32.9650 25 212.0 6.4702 58.7 0.057 32.9739 25 213.0 6.4417 58.6 0.053 33.0015 26 214.0 6.4285 58.6 0.053 33.0131 25 215.0 6.4237 58.6 0.054 33.0174 24 216.0 6.4192 58.6 0.054 33.0210 26 217.0 6.4189 58.6 0.055 33.0210 25 218.0 6.3889 58.5 0.056 33.0455 26 219.0 6.3822 58.4 0.057 33.0510 25 220.0 6.3792 58.4 0.054 33.0537 24 221.0 6.3697 58.4 0.055 33.0617 25 222.0 6.3675 58.3 0.055 33.0635 27 223.0 6.3667 58.3 0.056 33.0641 24 224.0 6.3704 58.3 0.054 33.0609 24 225.0 6.3719 58.4 0.053 33.0597 24 226.0 6.3575 57.9 0.057 33.0723 25 227.0 6.3329 57.2 0.056 33.0936 25 228.0 6.3178 58.3 0.054 33.1066 25 229.0 6.3083 58.2 0.057 33.1147 25 230.0 6.3045 58.3 0.055 33.1179 26 231.0 6.2992 58.3 0.054 33.1226 24 232.0 6.2952 58.1 0.053 33.1259 24 233.0 6.2910 58.1 0.054 33.1296 25 234.0 6.2873 58.2 0.053 33.1327 25 235.0 6.2785 58.1 0.055 33.1404 24 236.0 6.2760 58.1 0.053 33.1427 24 237.0 6.2749 58.0 0.053 33.1435 24 238.0 6.2746 58.0 0.054 33.1440 24 239.0 6.2746 58.1 0.053 33.1439 25 240.0 6.2735 57.9 0.055 33.1449 24 241.0 6.2741 58.1 0.055 33.1445 24 241.9 6.2733 58.1 0.054 33.1454 19 242.5 6.2734 58.2 0.056 33.1449 4