*2013/12/16 14:42:07.26 *IOS HEADER VERSION 1.10 2011/10/26 2011/10/26 *FILE START TIME : UTC 1993/07/14 13:23:08.000 NUMBER OF RECORDS : 501 DATA DESCRIPTION : CTD FILE TYPE : ASCII DATA TYPE : REAL*4 PAD : -99 RECORD LENGTH : 37 NUMBER OF CHANNELS : 4 $TABLE: CHANNELS ! No Name Units Minimum Maximum !--- ----------------------- ---------------- -------------- -------------- 1 Pressure decibar 1.1 500.7 2 Temperature 'deg C (IPTS68)' 4.7743 12.5403 3 Salinity PSS-78 31.9646 34.143 4 Number_of_bin_records n/a 3 9 $END $TABLE: CHANNEL DETAIL ! No Pad Start Width Format Type Decimal_Places !--- ---- ----- ----- ------ ---- -------------- 1 -99 ' ' 7 F ' ' 1 2 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 3 -99 ' ' 9 F ' ' 4 4 -99 ' ' 5 I I 0 $END *ADMINISTRATION MISSION : 1993-23 AGENCY : PBS, Nanaimo, B.C. COUNTRY : Canada PROJECT : MASS SCIENTIST : Hargreaves B. PLATFORM : W.E. Ricker *LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC AREA : WCVI STATION : NSTN EVENT NUMBER : 86 LATITUDE : 48 58.74000 N ! (deg min) LONGITUDE : 126 48.15000 W ! (deg min) *INSTRUMENT TYPE : Guildline CTD MODEL : 8709 SERIAL NUMBER : 57,743 $TABLE: SENSORS ! Name Abs Depth Serial No ! -------------------- -------------- ---------- Pressure n/a ? Temperature n/a ? Conductivity_Ratio n/a ? $END *HISTORY $TABLE: PROGRAMS ! Name Vers Date Time Recs In Recs Out ! ------------------------ ------ ---------- -------- --------- --------- RAW_CNVT 3.1 1993/12/01 11:05:47 0 0 CALIB 5.1 1994/01/20 15:17:16 4460 4460 DESPIKE 1.1 1994/01/24 13:15:46 4460 4460 DELETE 4.1 1994/01/25 16:37:10 4460 3085 CTDEDIT 3.11 1994/02/09 12:33:01 3085 3085 METERAVE 2.1 1994/03/03 16:14:31 3085 501 REMOVECH 1.1 1994/03/15 16:14:33 501 501 HEADEDIT 1.1 1995/08/26 11:01:00 ' ' ' ' HDREDIT2 1.6 2003/08/28 14:25:24 ? ? CLEAN 4.3.1 2003/08/28 14:26:07 501 501 CHANGE_CTD_CHANNEL_NAMES 1.0 2013/12/16 14:42:07 501 501 $END $REMARKS -The following CALIB parameters were used: Calibration type = R Salinity is computed Pressure offset = 0.0 Calibration file = CAL_9323.DAT -The following DESPIKE parameters were used: DESPIKE TABLE CHANNEL FIT OVER- MIN MAX MIN MAX SPIKE WIDTH LAP VALUE VALUE STDDEV STDDEV TOL. -------------------- ----- ----- ------- ------- ------- ------- ----- PRESSURE 25 5 0.00 1200.00 0.1000 30.0000 2.50 TEMPERATURE 25 5 0.00 20.00 0.0010 3.0000 2.50 CONDUCTIVITY_RATIO 25 5 0.50 1.00 0.0005 0.0050 2.50 -The following DELETE parameters were used: Swells deleted -The following METERAVE parameters were used: Averaging interval = 1.0 . Bin type = press Average press was used Interpolated values were NOT used for empty bins -The following CHANNEL(S) were removed from file. CONDUCTIVITY_RATIO CLEAN functions: - Reset #RECS, MIN & MAX values in header. - Change Pad Value to -99 in All Channels. - Delete Empty Channels: 0 deleted. - Set channel name post-colon letters to upper case. $END *RAW START TIME : UTC 1993/07/14 13:23:08.000 END TIME : UTC 1993/07/14 13:31:57.000 TIME INCREMENT : 0 0 0 0 40 ! (day hr min sec ms) NUMBER OF RECORDS : 4460 $TABLE: CHANNELS ! Averaging (day hr min sec ms) !Name Raw Units Interval Time Lag !-------------------- ------------ --------- ----------- Pressure Percent_FS Temperature 'DEG C' Conductivity_Ratio n/a $END *CALIBRATION START TIME : UTC 1993/07/14 13:23:08.000 TIME INCREMENT : 0 0 0 0 40 ! (day hr min sec ms) $TABLE: RAW CHANNELS ! Name Units Fmla Pad Coefficients ! -------------------- ----- ---- ------ ------------ Pressure n/a 10 ' ' (0 1) Temperature n/a 10 ' ' (-0.106E-01 1.0007) Conductivity_Ratio n/a 10 ' ' (0.2E-03 0.9996) $END $TABLE: CALCULATED CHANNELS ! Name Units Fmla Pad Coefficients ! ---------- -------- ---- ------ ------------ Salinity PSS-78 30 ' ' (Pressure Temperature Conductivity_Ratio) () $END *COMMENTS ocean salmon station OS71 no water bottle sample taken !--1--- ---2---- ---3---- -4-- !Pressu Temperat Salinity Numb !re ure er_o ! ~bin ! _rec ! ords !------ -------- -------- ---- *END OF HEADER 1.1 12.5356 31.9646 3 1.9 12.5306 31.9725 8 3.0 12.5205 31.9728 8 4.0 12.5140 31.9764 8 5.0 12.5333 31.9735 8 5.9 12.5218 31.9752 5 6.9 12.5249 31.9723 6 8.0 12.5403 31.9725 6 9.0 12.5044 31.9823 7 9.9 12.1323 32.0186 7 10.9 12.0448 32.0420 7 11.9 11.8822 32.0618 6 13.0 11.6634 32.1019 6 13.9 11.4711 32.1316 6 15.0 11.2429 32.1751 6 16.0 11.0737 32.2080 6 17.0 10.8872 32.2293 5 17.9 10.7898 32.2406 5 19.0 10.5098 32.3012 5 20.0 10.2366 32.3621 4 20.9 10.1454 32.3838 7 22.0 10.1033 32.3998 5 23.0 10.0254 32.4153 6 23.9 9.9660 32.4300 5 25.0 9.9309 32.4370 6 26.0 9.8956 32.4458 4 26.9 9.8198 32.4751 6 28.0 9.7205 32.5001 4 28.9 9.5377 32.5406 5 29.9 9.3382 32.5885 7 31.0 9.0996 32.6295 5 32.0 9.0425 32.6387 4 33.0 8.9735 32.6454 5 33.9 8.9355 32.6568 5 34.9 8.8728 32.6612 5 35.9 8.8004 32.6660 6 36.9 8.8002 32.6610 5 37.9 8.7899 32.6643 6 38.9 8.7617 32.6600 6 40.0 8.7408 32.6668 4 40.9 8.6471 32.7090 5 42.1 8.4999 32.7854 4 43.0 8.4411 32.8171 5 43.9 8.3537 32.8692 5 44.8 8.3168 32.8923 5 45.9 8.2842 32.9146 4 47.0 8.2547 32.9372 4 48.0 8.2015 32.9680 5 49.0 8.1391 32.9909 6 49.9 8.0609 33.0283 5 51.0 7.9797 33.0607 4 51.9 7.9064 33.0918 4 52.9 7.8015 33.1413 5 53.9 7.7256 33.1762 5 54.9 7.6434 33.2224 6 55.9 7.6147 33.2395 5 57.1 7.5829 33.2490 5 58.0 7.5483 33.2748 3 58.9 7.4959 33.3056 5 59.9 7.4680 33.3244 5 60.9 7.4576 33.3339 5 61.9 7.4416 33.3507 6 62.9 7.4312 33.3854 7 63.9 7.4064 33.4171 5 64.9 7.3909 33.4361 6 65.9 7.3763 33.4815 7 67.0 7.3756 33.5029 7 68.0 7.3743 33.5138 8 69.1 7.3731 33.5250 4 70.0 7.3736 33.5250 5 70.8 7.3706 33.5331 5 71.9 7.3634 33.5416 7 72.9 7.3495 33.5652 7 73.9 7.3488 33.5681 7 75.0 7.3488 33.5715 7 76.1 7.3485 33.5723 5 77.1 7.3479 33.5734 6 77.9 7.3474 33.5822 7 78.9 7.3477 33.5891 8 79.9 7.3460 33.6053 7 81.0 7.3424 33.6148 7 81.9 7.3128 33.6472 4 82.9 7.2928 33.6621 7 83.9 7.2849 33.6613 7 85.0 7.2617 33.6711 5 86.0 7.2415 33.6828 5 86.9 7.2345 33.6836 7 88.0 7.2335 33.6841 5 88.9 7.2283 33.6886 7 90.0 7.2175 33.6893 5 90.9 7.2098 33.6948 6 91.8 7.1909 33.7003 6 92.9 7.1577 33.7147 8 94.1 7.1322 33.7304 7 95.0 7.1286 33.7268 6 95.9 7.1234 33.7315 5 96.9 7.1084 33.7363 6 97.9 7.0954 33.7392 5 98.8 7.0884 33.7456 5 99.8 7.0784 33.7439 6 100.9 7.0726 33.7492 7 102.0 7.0619 33.7578 7 103.0 7.0516 33.7594 7 103.9 7.0373 33.7677 5 105.0 7.0109 33.7869 7 106.0 6.9942 33.7880 7 106.9 6.9840 33.7980 8 108.0 6.9633 33.8045 5 108.9 6.9501 33.8072 6 109.9 6.9219 33.8125 6 110.9 6.8592 33.8294 7 111.9 6.8240 33.8358 5 113.0 6.8033 33.8402 7 114.0 6.7974 33.8402 8 114.9 6.7919 33.8398 7 116.0 6.7912 33.8386 7 116.8 6.7912 33.8370 6 117.9 6.7903 33.8343 6 118.9 6.7876 33.8366 7 120.0 6.7843 33.8372 8 121.0 6.7817 33.8428 7 122.0 6.7800 33.8393 6 123.0 6.7810 33.8425 6 124.0 6.7811 33.8378 7 124.9 6.7789 33.8389 8 125.9 6.7797 33.8400 8 126.9 6.7811 33.8366 5 127.9 6.7777 33.8420 7 129.0 6.7737 33.8427 7 130.0 6.7723 33.8409 7 130.9 6.7731 33.8425 5 132.0 6.7731 33.8420 5 133.0 6.7701 33.8445 5 134.0 6.7701 33.8440 5 134.9 6.7639 33.8416 8 135.9 6.7551 33.8491 6 136.9 6.7537 33.8450 7 138.0 6.7485 33.8467 6 139.1 6.7399 33.8491 4 139.9 6.7341 33.8496 6 141.0 6.7311 33.8528 6 141.9 6.7227 33.8558 8 143.0 6.7171 33.8546 6 143.9 6.7041 33.8592 6 144.9 6.7001 33.8633 5 145.9 6.6961 33.8534 5 147.0 6.6828 33.8660 4 148.1 6.6729 33.8721 6 149.0 6.6643 33.8739 8 149.9 6.6609 33.8767 7 151.0 6.6543 33.8756 4 151.9 6.6439 33.8799 6 152.9 6.6418 33.8728 8 153.9 6.6381 33.8757 7 154.9 6.6330 33.8765 6 155.9 6.6286 33.8774 7 157.0 6.6210 33.8824 5 158.0 6.6162 33.8790 6 159.0 6.6135 33.8785 7 159.9 6.6135 33.8808 7 160.9 6.6113 33.8783 7 161.9 6.6063 33.8787 7 162.8 6.6045 33.8740 6 164.0 6.6010 33.8778 5 164.9 6.5985 33.8837 7 166.0 6.5918 33.8770 6 167.1 6.5818 33.8816 6 167.9 6.5743 33.8823 6 168.9 6.5643 33.8870 6 170.0 6.5550 33.8893 6 170.9 6.5442 33.8869 5 171.9 6.5408 33.8898 6 172.9 6.5393 33.8895 7 173.9 6.5328 33.8913 7 175.1 6.5116 33.8934 6 176.0 6.5010 33.8949 5 177.1 6.4949 33.8965 5 178.0 6.4849 33.8926 5 178.9 6.4694 33.8966 7 179.9 6.4308 33.9128 8 180.9 6.3917 33.9189 6 181.9 6.3166 33.9286 8 182.9 6.2536 33.9245 6 184.0 6.2301 33.9330 6 185.0 6.2119 33.9359 5 186.1 6.1917 33.9367 6 186.9 6.1421 33.9455 7 188.0 6.1080 33.9456 6 188.9 6.1072 33.9348 6 189.9 6.0925 33.9400 7 190.9 6.0436 33.9492 6 191.9 6.0326 33.9480 7 193.0 6.0301 33.9423 6 193.9 6.0296 33.9453 5 194.9 6.0191 33.9476 6 195.9 5.9980 33.9551 7 197.0 5.9966 33.9469 5 198.0 5.9906 33.9601 5 198.8 5.9846 33.9522 5 199.8 5.9816 33.9554 6 201.0 5.9697 33.9530 8 202.1 5.9589 33.9561 6 202.9 5.9576 33.9579 5 204.0 5.9576 33.9458 5 204.9 5.9476 33.9573 5 206.0 5.9371 33.9566 6 206.9 5.9274 33.9583 7 207.9 5.9177 33.9558 8 208.9 5.9104 33.9530 6 210.0 5.8915 33.9592 8 211.1 5.8877 33.9585 6 212.0 5.8821 33.9638 7 213.0 5.8726 33.9597 6 214.0 5.8696 33.9558 6 214.9 5.8686 33.9579 7 215.9 5.8693 33.9583 6 216.9 5.8699 33.9639 7 217.9 5.8704 33.9643 8 219.0 5.8735 33.9623 6 220.0 5.8733 33.9604 6 221.1 5.8693 33.9638 6 222.0 5.8649 33.9691 7 223.0 5.8610 33.9663 4 223.9 5.8545 33.9676 5 224.9 5.8432 33.9701 7 225.9 5.8231 33.9751 8 226.9 5.8183 33.9717 6 227.8 5.8150 33.9762 6 229.0 5.8125 33.9782 8 230.0 5.8026 33.9811 6 231.0 5.7895 33.9906 5 232.0 5.7785 33.9895 5 232.9 5.7701 33.9897 6 233.9 5.7614 33.9979 5 234.9 5.7597 33.9964 7 235.9 5.7584 33.9960 5 237.0 5.7546 33.9951 6 238.0 5.7529 33.9915 6 239.0 5.7483 33.9975 7 239.9 5.7494 33.9934 5 241.0 5.7488 33.9926 6 241.9 5.7504 33.9920 6 242.9 5.7504 33.9915 6 243.9 5.7480 33.9947 5 244.9 5.7454 33.9963 4 246.0 5.7426 33.9970 7 247.0 5.7396 34.0004 6 248.1 5.7394 34.0013 5 249.0 5.7354 34.0019 4 249.9 5.7354 33.9952 7 251.0 5.7337 33.9994 6 252.0 5.7306 33.9966 5 253.0 5.7280 33.9987 5 253.9 5.7280 33.9962 5 254.9 5.7236 34.0012 6 256.0 5.7227 34.0015 6 257.0 5.7137 34.0059 7 258.0 5.6936 34.0104 6 259.1 5.6810 34.0160 6 259.9 5.6605 34.0150 7 260.9 5.6519 34.0162 7 261.9 5.6492 34.0143 6 262.9 5.6460 34.0131 5 263.9 5.6435 34.0189 6 265.0 5.6407 34.0180 6 265.9 5.6407 34.0208 6 266.9 5.6359 34.0181 7 267.9 5.6266 34.0214 7 269.0 5.6265 34.0189 6 270.0 5.6223 34.0210 6 270.9 5.6182 34.0167 6 271.9 5.6163 34.0210 5 273.0 5.6173 34.0192 9 274.0 5.6173 34.0222 7 275.0 5.6172 34.0221 6 276.0 5.6148 34.0240 6 277.0 5.6173 34.0232 5 278.0 5.6133 34.0228 5 279.0 5.6123 34.0233 6 279.9 5.6108 34.0244 4 280.9 5.6103 34.0224 5 281.8 5.6107 34.0236 6 282.9 5.6090 34.0247 6 283.9 5.6043 34.0265 4 285.1 5.6058 34.0269 4 286.0 5.5980 34.0229 6 287.0 5.5942 34.0279 7 287.8 5.5838 34.0282 6 288.9 5.5700 34.0294 8 289.9 5.5651 34.0324 5 291.0 5.5623 34.0316 7 292.0 5.5511 34.0299 6 293.1 5.5411 34.0329 6 294.0 5.5386 34.0333 6 295.1 5.5378 34.0320 6 295.9 5.5353 34.0317 4 296.9 5.5361 34.0328 6 297.8 5.5336 34.0332 6 298.9 5.5345 34.0318 6 299.9 5.5347 34.0303 8 301.1 5.5289 34.0352 7 301.9 5.5300 34.0266 5 303.0 5.5233 34.0329 6 303.9 5.5126 34.0335 6 305.0 5.5009 34.0334 6 305.9 5.4953 34.0363 5 307.0 5.4802 34.0370 6 307.9 5.4624 34.0415 6 309.0 5.4541 34.0412 6 310.0 5.4482 34.0433 6 311.0 5.4302 34.0458 5 311.9 5.4232 34.0446 5 313.0 5.4164 34.0447 6 314.0 5.4108 34.0469 7 314.9 5.4064 34.0490 6 316.0 5.4055 34.0412 6 316.9 5.3996 34.0455 7 317.9 5.3888 34.0441 8 319.0 5.3747 34.0445 7 320.0 5.3733 34.0426 7 321.0 5.3728 34.0424 6 322.0 5.3712 34.0452 7 323.0 5.3590 34.0472 6 324.0 5.3495 34.0433 6 325.0 5.3318 34.0460 6 325.8 5.3260 34.0465 6 326.9 5.3251 34.0485 6 328.0 5.3163 34.0487 6 329.0 5.2981 34.0549 5 330.0 5.2933 34.0514 6 331.0 5.2891 34.0519 6 331.9 5.2757 34.0545 5 332.8 5.2367 34.0566 6 333.8 5.2287 34.0552 6 334.9 5.2226 34.0544 8 335.9 5.2021 34.0516 5 337.0 5.1985 34.0578 7 338.1 5.1970 34.0615 7 339.0 5.1930 34.0513 5 340.0 5.1920 34.0558 8 341.0 5.1920 34.0552 6 342.0 5.1912 34.0556 6 342.9 5.1870 34.0574 5 343.9 5.1837 34.0622 3 344.9 5.1829 34.0577 6 346.0 5.1779 34.0556 6 347.0 5.1730 34.0616 6 348.0 5.1690 34.0573 5 349.0 5.1639 34.0601 7 349.9 5.1590 34.0646 5 351.0 5.1560 34.0671 5 351.8 5.1560 34.0650 6 352.8 5.1580 34.0622 5 354.0 5.1552 34.0664 6 355.0 5.1552 34.0642 6 356.0 5.1568 34.0621 6 356.9 5.1560 34.0641 6 358.0 5.1543 34.0653 6 359.0 5.1560 34.0614 6 359.9 5.1560 34.0642 6 361.0 5.1560 34.0660 5 361.8 5.1560 34.0714 6 363.0 5.1560 34.0709 6 364.0 5.1572 34.0691 5 364.9 5.1580 34.0659 5 366.0 5.1554 34.0687 8 366.9 5.1577 34.0672 6 368.0 5.1580 34.0663 5 368.9 5.1570 34.0668 5 369.9 5.1550 34.0684 5 370.9 5.1539 34.0676 7 372.0 5.1516 34.0686 9 373.0 5.1443 34.0694 6 374.0 5.1373 34.0716 7 375.0 5.1392 34.0688 6 375.9 5.1359 34.0679 7 376.9 5.1402 34.0667 6 378.0 5.1267 34.0718 6 378.9 5.1200 34.0665 6 379.9 5.1199 34.0710 6 381.1 5.1200 34.0628 5 382.0 5.1157 34.0698 7 383.1 5.1158 34.0703 6 383.9 5.1150 34.0695 7 384.9 5.1150 34.0705 7 385.9 5.1164 34.0657 7 386.9 5.1164 34.0680 7 388.0 5.1100 34.0804 6 388.9 5.1066 34.0767 6 390.0 5.1000 34.0731 6 391.0 5.1000 34.0728 7 392.0 5.0957 34.0766 7 393.0 5.0950 34.0733 4 394.0 5.0940 34.0772 6 394.9 5.0934 34.0750 5 395.9 5.0840 34.0765 6 396.9 5.0797 34.0792 7 398.0 5.0790 34.0789 6 399.0 5.0790 34.0746 7 400.0 5.0773 34.0763 6 401.1 5.0719 34.0858 5 401.9 5.0720 34.0854 5 403.0 5.0723 34.0815 6 403.9 5.0690 34.0844 6 405.0 5.0623 34.0857 6 405.9 5.0589 34.0887 6 407.0 5.0590 34.0867 7 407.9 5.0589 34.0877 8 409.1 5.0580 34.0881 5 409.9 5.0564 34.0876 6 410.9 5.0582 34.0868 7 412.0 5.0562 34.0864 5 413.0 5.0497 34.0889 7 413.9 5.0386 34.0906 8 415.0 5.0321 34.0901 6 415.8 5.0279 34.0936 5 417.0 5.0185 34.0958 8 417.9 5.0136 34.0991 7 419.0 5.0114 34.0971 8 419.9 5.0105 34.0993 5 420.9 5.0071 34.0973 7 421.9 5.0019 34.0992 6 422.9 4.9999 34.1007 5 423.9 4.9933 34.0998 7 424.9 4.9905 34.0994 7 425.9 4.9869 34.1026 6 426.9 4.9838 34.1053 8 428.0 4.9813 34.1060 8 429.0 4.9819 34.1036 8 430.0 4.9819 34.1031 8 430.9 4.9812 34.1044 7 431.9 4.9798 34.1011 7 432.9 4.9786 34.1075 6 433.9 4.9781 34.1074 8 434.9 4.9781 34.1045 8 436.0 4.9776 34.1055 7 437.0 4.9761 34.1047 6 438.0 4.9660 34.1050 7 438.9 4.9609 34.1060 6 439.9 4.9423 34.1070 7 440.9 4.9344 34.1089 7 442.0 4.9314 34.1086 7 442.9 4.9243 34.1083 7 443.8 4.9149 34.1104 7 444.9 4.9118 34.1102 9 446.0 4.9082 34.1125 6 447.1 4.9007 34.1188 6 447.9 4.8991 34.1145 7 448.8 4.8948 34.1189 6 449.9 4.8904 34.1203 7 450.9 4.8819 34.1203 8 451.9 4.8810 34.1204 7 452.9 4.8721 34.1252 6 453.9 4.8671 34.1215 6 455.0 4.8645 34.1257 7 456.0 4.8574 34.1226 7 456.9 4.8487 34.1253 7 458.0 4.8352 34.1258 7 458.9 4.8256 34.1281 7 459.9 4.8236 34.1257 8 461.0 4.8211 34.1253 6 461.9 4.8178 34.1299 6 462.9 4.8147 34.1259 7 464.0 4.8122 34.1354 8 465.0 4.8103 34.1376 6 465.9 4.8109 34.1332 6 467.0 4.8019 34.1326 7 467.9 4.8000 34.1369 7 469.0 4.8018 34.1360 6 469.9 4.8028 34.1329 6 470.9 4.7993 34.1361 7 472.0 4.7970 34.1365 7 473.0 4.7918 34.1343 5 474.0 4.7805 34.1341 8 474.9 4.7810 34.1329 7 475.9 4.7803 34.1346 7 477.0 4.7807 34.1316 5 477.9 4.7818 34.1381 5 478.9 4.7818 34.1366 6 479.9 4.7805 34.1390 6 480.9 4.7775 34.1406 7 482.0 4.7801 34.1416 6 483.0 4.7793 34.1387 6 483.9 4.7775 34.1419 7 484.9 4.7796 34.1407 7 486.0 4.7768 34.1430 7 487.0 4.7797 34.1395 5 487.9 4.7796 34.1391 7 488.9 4.7799 34.1383 8 489.9 4.7784 34.1393 9 491.0 4.7780 34.1392 8 491.9 4.7775 34.1393 7 493.0 4.7796 34.1365 7 494.0 4.7774 34.1384 8 494.9 4.7782 34.1356 7 495.9 4.7768 34.1367 8 496.9 4.7774 34.1356 8 497.9 4.7793 34.1332 8 498.9 4.7768 34.1365 8 500.0 4.7768 34.1347 8 500.7 4.7743 34.1357 4